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Cette étude est consacrée à la vérité première qui risque fort d'être la dernière sur laquelle l'entente des chercheurs sera faite: Qu'est‐ce que le tourisme?

Theme: Leisure — Recreation — Tourism — Aims To examine trends in leisure time on a daily, weekly and annual basis

Wir befinden uns heute in der vollen Entfaltung des modernen Fremdenverkehrs. Dies nach seiner klassischen Periode vor 1914 und der Periode des Überganges bis ca. 1954. Nachstehend soll vom modernen Fremdenverkehr in seiner Gesamtheit und einigen aus seinem Fortschritt sich ergebenden Entwicklungstendenzen die Rede sein. Dies geschieht in Form eines summarischen, sozusagen im Telegrammstil gehaltenen Abrisses.

Les découvertes importantes faites par des équipes de préhistoriciens et d'anthropologues entre les an‐nées 1950 – 1970 dans la région du Nil moyen (KENYA,TANZANIE, ETHIOPIE), mettant à jour des milliers de fossiles concernant les premiers éges de la vie de l'homme il y a 1 500 000 ans (sites d'Oldu‐vai et d'Omo), nous permettent aujourd'hui de repenser le comportement erratique de nos lointains anctres sur la planète Terre dans une vision beaucoup plus large.

21e Congrès AIEST, 5–13 septembre 1971, Puerto de la Cruz (Ténériffe) Programme du Congrès Voici les données principales du 21e Congrès de l'AIEST. Des précisions seront fournies plus tard par le Secrétariat Général de l'AIEST, à Berne.

«Marius, l'honneur c'est comme les allumettes, ça ne sert qu'une fois.» Il ne saurait en être de même du tourisme, ou plus exactement du touriste. Sans vouloir faire œuvre de moraliste, nous devons admettre qu'il existe dans l'industrie touristique largo sensu une certaine catégorie de professionnels peu scrupuleux qui foulent volontiers au pied toutes les règles traditionnelles du bon accueil et qui ont tendance à considérer un peu trop facilement les couches de population de toutes conditions et de tous moyens, venues chercher le dépaysement et le repos, comme une vulgaire marchandise susceptible de fournir de substantiels revenus et sujette à «exploitation».

Der Verstorbene darf als einer der Pioniere der Fremdenverkehrswissenschaft angesprochen werden. Seine Aufenthalte in Java und Japan, seine vielen Auslandreisen und seine Tätigkeit im wichtigen Fremdenverkehrszentrum Amsterdam verschafften ihm eine umfassende Kenntnis des nationalen und internationalen Tourismus. Als erfolgreicher Kaufmann und Ingenieur besass er zudem einen klaren Blick für die wesentlichen Zusammenhänge. Seine technisch‐mathematische Begabung und Ausbildung befähigten ihn dazu, diese präzis darzustellen. Damit erkannte er schon früh die Notwendigkeit, den Fremdenverkehr wissenschaftlich zu untersuchen und zu erfassen.

The objective of this article is to propose a panel of management performance evaluation indicators at operator level. This panel would be the tool to be made available to an observatory that should be set up by regulation. The proposal comes at the right time given that Morocco is planning a major reform of the sector very soon. A framework law has already been promulgated for this purpose (Law 51-21 relating to the reform of public establishments).

The proposed panel is the result of (1) a review of the literature dealing with public management theories, in particular those relating to industrial and commercial public services and whose character is captive. The management of the latter requires a great deal of caution to preserve their economic balance and consequently their sustainability. (2) A review of experiences of countries is chosen because of contextual their similarities with Morocco like France having a similar legal background, Tunisia and Algeria chosen for geographical and economic similarities. The British experience is also discussed for what it represents as a liberal model in the management of public water and sanitation services, as opposed to the German model also studied and which stands as the only country where the management of public services has almost always been a communal prerogative. The analysis of these models has made it possible to identify management evaluation practices that could be adapted to the Moroccan context. (3) Research work by practitioners and reports from specialized international institutions (International Water Association [IWA]). (4) A critical analysis of a multitude of management and activity reports from 12 autonomous authorities and 4 private delegates covering 16 million inhabitants of the urban environment. A total of 15 indicators are developed. They aim to assess the effectiveness of management in terms of saving drinking water and preserving the natural environment from the pollution of water resources.

Approximately, 15 indicators for assessing water resource management in public water and sanitation services are proposed. These indicators relate to the efficiency of pipe networks, the performance of storage systems and losses in users' homes. Indicators specific to liquid sanitation systems, particularly with regard to the control of wastewater overflows into the public highway and their treatment before discharge into the natural environment, are also proposed.

The application of the results of this research could be confronted with its appropriation by the operators. Indeed, the investment involved in setting up the proposed evaluation system, as well as the conflict of interest that may arise in the process of formalizing and standardizing the system at the national level, may slow down the process of setting it up.

In practice, the implementation of a system for evaluating the performance of water resource management in public drinking water and liquid sanitation services would make it possible to optimize the volume of water to be mobilized. Substantial savings are expected both at the level of the resource itself and at the level of the investments that accompany the realization of the mobilization and distribution infrastructures. These savings will be very useful for the creation of other similar services and to serve more people.

The distribution of drinking water and liquid sanitation is a vital human need. These services are extremely captive. They are key factors in the socioeconomic development of the territory and the citizen. The impact is transversal and affects the lifestyle of the populations. On the one hand, it favors the sedentarization of the populations and on the other hand, preserves their health by fighting against the diseases of water origin. In addition, the comfort that it provides in the daily life of users is highly coveted when they are delivered in a modern way and arranged with modern technologies.

The regulation of public drinking water and liquid sanitation services in Morocco is the weakest link in the sector. The Ministry of the Interior is legally responsible for setting up a standard system for evaluating the management of these services to fill this gap (organic law 113-14 on municipalities). Unfortunately, this initiative is not yet underway. The opportunity to apply the results of this research is well timed. Morocco plans to launch a global reform of the sector starting in 2022–2023 (Law 50-21 on the reform of public institutions).