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The corrosion rates of mild steel in a neutral aqueous environment containing 60 ppm C1^‐ in the absence and presence of the sodium salt of amino (trimethylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP), polyacrylamide (PAA) and Zn²⁺ have been evaluated by the classical weight‐loss method. The formulation consisting of 50 ppm PAA and 50 ppm Zn²⁺ and also the ATMP (300 ppm) ‐ZN²⁺ (50 ppm) system shows synergistic effect while the formulation consisting of 300 ppm ATMP and 50 ppm PAA shows antagonistic effect. The formulation consisting of 300 ppm ATMP, 50 ppm Zn²⁺ and 50 ppm PAA has 98 per cent corrosion inhibition efficiency and 99.9 per cent biocidal efficiency. The mechanistic aspects of corrosion inhibition are based, in a holistic way, on the results obtained from potentiostatic polarization study, X‐ray diffraction technique, UV‐visible, FTIR and luminescence spectra. Found that the protective film consists of FE²⁺‐ATMP complex, Fe²⁺‐PAA complex and Zn(OH)₂.

The purpose of this paper is to summarise a recent doctoral thesis on the relationship between project portfolio management (PPM) and competitive advantage in service and manufacturing organisations.

This two‐phase mixed method study comprises a quantitative questionnaire‐based survey and a qualitative multiple‐case study to address the “what” and the “how” of the research questions.

This paper adopts a “dynamic capabilities” perspective, drawing on organisational learning theory to explain the path‐dependent nature of PPM capability development and how PPM capabilities work with the resource base to enhance competitive advantage. Findings support prior PPM studies and suggest a positive relationship between structured PPM capabilities and improved outcomes. The research compares service and manufacturing environments; future challenges are likely to result from the increasing blurring of the boundaries between service and manufacturing industries.

The research has four main practical outcomes: development of a model representing the overall PPM capability; a benchmark for and guidance on specific PPM processes and methods; guidance on the types of organisational learning investments that enhance the establishment and evolution of PPM capabilities; and the initial development of an outcomes and learning‐based maturity model for PPM capabilities.

This paper produces the first benchmark of innovation PPM capabilities in Australia, and is the first to include service product‐focused portfolios. It is the first study that identifies PPM capabilities as dynamic capability, allowing existing research to be viewed through the dynamic capability lens and, more importantly, providing a theoretical underpinning that may influence future research and practice.

The aim of the present work was to study the synergistic effect of HEDP and zinc on inhibition of the corrosion of carbon steel in neutral oxygen‐containing chloride solutions, and to investigate the effect of zinc‐HEDP molar ratio on the effectiveness of the zinc‐HEDP inhibitive mixtures.

The inhibition of the corrosion of carbon steel by zinc‐HEDP mixtures in neutral oxygen‐containing solutions was investigated in the presence of 0.003 M (106 ppm) chloride.

It was shown that the inhibition by these mixtures depended not only on the zinc/HEDP molar ratio but also on the concentration of both zinc and HEDP. HEDP concentration appeared to be crucial where good inhibition was not achieved at low concentrations and aggressive nature is observed at high HEDP levels. The effectiveness of the zinc‐HEDP mixtures enhanced inhibition by increasing the zinc content of the mixture, but the mechanism was only effective to a certain level, above which the inhibition effect declined. The predominant corrosion control mechanism of the zinc‐HEDP mixture was on the anodic (metal dissolution) reaction, but it also affected the rate and mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction.

Demonstrates how the effectiveness of the zinc‐HEDP mixtures can enhance inhibition by increasing the zinc content of the mixture.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the efficacy of microbial elimination using different sanitizers in raw vegetables (cherry tomatoes, spring onions, Chinese chives, and chicory) and to analyze the efficacy of Escherichia coli O157:H7 reduction by type of sanitizer and vegetable.

To assess the sanitizing effects of microbial elimination by variety of vegetable, the samples were grouped into four different washing methods: control (no sanitizer), 100 ppm chlorine, 100 ppm electrolyzed water, and 200 ppm electrolyzed water after prewashing. Subsequently, quantitative microbiological experiments were conducted to assess aerobic mesophilic plate count (APC), coliform, E. coli, and Bacillus cereus, and sensory changes of the sanitized vegetables were tested. Thereafter, measurement of the sanitizing effects on bacterial reduction after inoculation with E. coli O157:H7 was conducted.

The microbial levels of four types of vegetables ranged from 3.37 to 5.24 log CFU/g for APC, 2.41 to 5.57 log CFU/g for E. coli, 0.25 to 5.40 log CFU/g for coliform, and 0.83 to 5.44 log CFU/g for B. cereus. After three types of sanitizing treatments, microbial reduction effects showed 0.94-1.84 log CFU/g for APC, 0.56-1.00 log CFU/g for E. coli, 0.18-1.26 log CFU/g for coliform, and 0.56-1.23 log CFU/g for B. cereus (p<0.05). In sensory evaluation, there were no significant differences in taste and flavor between with and without sanitizing treatments. Regarding bacterial reduction after inoculation with E. coli O157:H7, the microbial reduction on vegetables was shown to be in the range of 0.27-1.57 log CFU/g with 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite, 0.66-3.07 log CFU/g with 100 ppm electrolyzed water, and 0.79-2.55 log CFU/g with 200 ppm electrolyzed water. Chicory, cherry tomato, and spring onion showed significant reduction levels of E. coli O157:H7 after sanitation (p<0.05).

This study revealed that different sanitization methods are required for different types of vegetables. Electrolyzed water treatment (100 ppm) is a more effective and safe method of washing raw vegetables. Given that the main purpose of sanitizing fresh-cut produce is to maximally reduce microorganism levels, different methods of sanitizing fresh-cut produce with an adequate washing method should be used according to vegetable type.

Tungstate inhibitors are seldom used alone in open recirculating cooling water systems due to their low oxidising ability and high cost. The objective of the present work was to develop efficient synergistic inhibitor combinations comprising sodium silicate and very low concentration of sodium tungstate, keeping in view of their application in industrial cooling water system. It was demonstrated in the present study that all the combinations of the inhibitors exhibited synergistic benefit and higher inhibition efficiencies than did either of the individual inhibitors. It was also established that a 4:1 ratio of sodium silicate to sodium tungstate (total 1,000 ppm) was the best overall combination. The FTIR spectra also suggest that tungstate and silicate ions were incorporated in the passivating metal oxide layer formed on the surface of carbon steel in the inhibitor solutions. The effects of excess and depleted concentrations of the individual inhibitor components on overall inhibition behaviour are also discussed.

As public organizations strive for higher e‐government maturity, information technology (IT) Project Portfolio Management (IT PPM) has become a high priority issue. Assuming control is central in IT PPM, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how a Danish local government conducts control in IT PPM. The authors identify control problems and formulate recommendations to address these.

Adopting principles from Engaged Scholarship, the authors have conducted a case study using a wide variety of data collection methods, including 29 interviews, one workshop, and analyses of documents.

It is found that the local government relies vastly on informal control mechanisms and five control problems are identified: weak accountability processes between the political and administrative level; weak accountability between the director level and the IT executives; IT projects established on the basis of incomplete information about internal resources; lack of operational goals to hold IT projects accountable; and no account of actual IT project costs. The authors propose a model for highlighting how more formal control can be implemented and address the identified control problems.

As a single qualitative case study, the results are limited to one organization and subject.

The paper has implications for IT PPM in Danish local governments and similar organizations in other countries. The paper shows that the lack of formal control mechanisms makes accountability between hierarchical levels difficult, which deprives organizations of the opportunity to pursue and display unambiguous value from their e‐government initiatives.

This paper fulfills an identified need to understand how local governments can improve IT PPM.

The purpose of this paper is to create a benchmark and identify best practices for Project Portfolio Management (PPM) for both tangible product‐based and service product‐based development project portfolios.

A questionnaire was developed to gather data to compare the PPM methods used, PPM performance, PPM challenges, and resulting new product success measures in 60 Australian organisations in a diverse range of service and manufacturing industries.

The paper finds that PPM practices are shown to be very similar for service product development project portfolios and tangible product development project portfolios. New product success rates show strong correlation with measures of PPM performance and the use of some PPM methods is correlated with specific PPM performance outcomes.

The findings in this paper are based on a survey of a diverse sample of 60 Australian organisations. The results are strengthened by comparisons with similar North American research; however, they may not be representative of all environments. Research in other regions would further qualify the findings. As each organisation's PPM process is unique, case study methods are recommended for future studies to capture more of the complexity in the environment.

The paper shows that PPM practitioners and executives who make decisions about the development of tangible products and/or service products will benefit from the findings.

This paper extends the existing understanding of PPM practices to include service development project portfolios as well as tangible product development project portfolios and strengthens the links between PPM practices and outcomes.

The effect of amino (trimethylene phosphonic acid), (ATMP), molybdate and Zn²⁺ on the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in a neutral aqueous environment containing 60 ppm Cl^‐ has been evaluated by the weight ‐ loss method. It is found that the formulation consisting of 50 ppm ATMP, 300 ppm MoO₄^2‐ and 50 ppm Zn²⁺ has 96 per cent inhibition efficiency. The nature of the protective film has been analysed by X‐ray diffraction technique FTIR and luminescence spectra. It seems that the protective film consists of Fe₂(MoO₄)₃, ZnMoO₄, Fe²⁺‐ATMP complex and Zn(OH)₂. This film is found to be luminescent.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse current challenges and to articulate the preconditions for data-driven, fact-based product portfolio management (PPM) based on commercial and technical product structures, critical business processes, corporate business IT and company data assets. Here, data assets were classified from a PPM perspective in terms of (product/customer/supplier) master data, transaction data and Internet of Things data. The study also addresses the supporting role of corporate-level data governance.

The study combines a literature review and qualitative analysis of empirical data collected from eight international companies of varying size.

Companies’ current inability to analyse products effectively based on existing data is surprising. The present findings identify a number of preconditions for data-driven, fact-based PPM, including mutual understanding of company products (to establish a consistent commercial and technical product structure), product classification as strategic, supportive or non-strategic (to link commercial and technical product structures with product strategy) and a holistic, corporate-level data model for adjusting the company’s business IT (to support product portfolio visualisation).

The findings provide a logical and empirical basis for fact-based, product-level analysis of product profitability and analysis of the product portfolio over the product life cycle, supporting a data-driven approach to the optimisation of commercial and technical product structure, business IT systems and company product strategy. As a virtual representation of reality, the company data model facilitates product visualisation. The findings are of great practical value, as they demonstrate the significance of corporate-level data assets, data governance and business-critical data for managing a company’s products and portfolio.

The study contributes to the existing literature by specifying the preconditions for data-driven, fact-based PPM as a basis for product-level analysis and decision making, emphasising the role of company data assets and clarifying the links between business processes, information systems and data assets for PPM.

The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of project portfolio management (PPM) capability evolution, in order to guide the implementation and ongoing development of robust capabilities.

This research adopts a dynamic capabilities perspective and draws on organizational learning theory to investigate the path‐dependent nature of PPM implementation and development. It employs a multiple‐case study of six organizations.

Each of the case organizations reported a high level of evolution and change within their PPM capabilities, both purposeful and unintended. Potential “fragilities” are identified, such as the emergence of a “success trap” that inhibits explorative innovation and difficulties in stopping poor projects to reallocate resources. Based on findings from the literature and the multiple‐case study, a capability maturity model is proposed to assist in the development of robust PPM capabilities that will continue to evolve and stay relevant in dynamic environments.

The research is based on six organizations and may not be representative of all environments. The proposed maturity model has only been used in initial trials to evaluate capability maturity, and its use in guiding capability development has not been studied. Further research is required to test and evolve the maturity model.

The maturity model will be of interest to managers as a tool to analyze PPM maturity and identify areas for further development or to guide new PPM implementations.

The proposed maturity model extends existing maturity models by incorporating organizational learning capabilities, by recognizing antecedents for maturity stages that build upon other capabilities, and by including steps to recognize and avoid potential “fragilities” and to ensure robust PPM performance over time.