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Because of the bioaccumulation effect, organophosphorus pesticides cause long-term damage to mammals, even at small concentrations. The ability to perturb the phospholipid bilayer structure as well as the overstimulation of cholinergic receptors makes them hazardous to humans. Therefore, there is a need for a quick and inexpensive detection of organophosphorus pesticides for agricultural and household use. As organophosphorus pesticides are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, biosensors using this mechanism hold a great promise to meet these requirements with a fraction of reagents and time used for measurement comparing to laboratory methods. This study aims to manufacture AChE-coated, screen-printed carbon electrodes applicable in such amperometric biosensors.

AChE enzyme, known for catalytic activity for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine (ATCh), could be used to obtain electrochemically active thiocholine from acetylthiocholine chloride in aqueous solutions. Using Malathion’s inhibitory effect towards AChE, pesticides’ presence can be detected by reduction of anodic oxidation peaks of thiocholine in cyclic voltammetry.

The conducted research proved that it is possible to detect pesticides using low-cost, simple-to-manufacture screen-printed graphite (GR) electrodes with an enzymatic (AChE) coating. Investigated electrodes displayed significant catalytic activity to the hydrolysis of ATCh. Owing to inhibition effect of the enzyme, amperometric response of the samples decreased in pesticide-spiked solution, allowing determination of organophosphorus pesticides.

Printed electronics has grown significantly in recent years as well as research focused on carbon-based nanocomposites. Yet, the utilization of carbon nanocomposites in screen-printed electronics is still considered a novelty in the market. Biosensors have proved useful not only in laboratory conditions but also in home applications, as glucometers are a superior solution for glucose determination for personal use. Although pesticides could be detected accurately using chromatography, spectroscopy, spectrometry or spectrophotometry, the market lacks low-cost, disposable solutions for pesticide detection applicable for household use. With biosensing techniques and electric paths screen-printed with GR or graphene nanocomposites, this preliminary research focuses on meeting these needs.

The effect of some organophosphorus compounds on iron corrosion in 6 M HCl has been examined by means of polarization and capacitance measurements. It appears that these compounds inhibit iron corrosion by affecting both cathodic and anodic reactions. A quantum chemical approach was used to correlate the inhibition efficiency to the molecular structure of the compounds. It was found that there is not a noticeable relationship between their molecular structure and their inhibition effectiveness. Also based on these calculations, it can be suggested that the inhibitor molecules behave as electron acceptor when they adsorb on the iron metal.

The aim of this paper is to study the corrosion behavior and corrosion mechanism of carbon steel in polluted freshwaters with organophosphorus pesticide (OP).

The weight‐loss method, electrochemical measurements and surface analysis technique were used to study the corrosion of carbon steel in polluted freshwaters with OP.

General corrosion occurred when carbon steels were exposed to test solutions (freshwaters with and without OP). The presence of OP in test solutions can accelerate the corrosion rate of carbon steel.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a single OP (diethyl phosphite) on the corrosion of carbon steel. Until now, there was little research to report on this aspect. It was found that the presence of diethyl phosphite at low concentrations could accelerate the corrosion rate of carbon steel in freshwaters. This research not only can offer theoretical guidelines for the prevention of pipelines and facilities from corroding, but also can provide reference for suitable material selection.

Various rosin‐modified polyesteramide resins are formulated and evaluated for their insecticidal activity. Five kinds of pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides with trade names Neo‐Pynamin Forte, Gokilaht, Neo‐Pynamin, Sumithrin and Cyanox are studies. American Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) are the target insect.

The study aimed to investigate epoxy composites reinforced with mechanical performances, thermal decomposition and ignitibility of natural fiber (NF) and doped with 5 wt.% of varying flame-retardant (FR) compounds. The incorporation of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and zinc borate (ZB) showed improvement in modulus and elongation to break compared to the empty fruit bunch-filled epoxy (control). However, slightly lower tensile and impact strengths were recorded in all FR-containing composites.

Among the FR-loaded specimens, enhancement in flexural property was observed in composites with APP, whereas the addition of ZB and alumina trihydrate (ATH) resulted in the reduction of flexural strength. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that the introduction of APP and ATH negatively impacted the thermal degradation temperature (T_d) of the NF-filled composites. Greater mass residue with FR-filled composites, where increment was in the range from 32-80 per cent compared to the control, was observed, with the greatest being the ZB-containing formulation. Vertical Bunsen burner experiment revealed that the addition of ZB and APP led to a zero dripping flame system, whereas such a phenomenon was absent in both the control and NF composites loaded with ATH. The bomb calorimeter results revealed that addition of NF into neat epoxy significantly enhanced the FR behavior of the composite, and the gross heat of combustion was greatly reduced when FRs were incorporated into the control sample.

Results from the current study concluded that non-halogenated FRs including APP, ZB and ATH were able to enhance the fire retardancy of EFB epoxy composite without significantly deteriorate the mechanical behaviors.

It can be shown from scanning electron microscopy micrographs that the fabrication technique produced composites with good interfacial adhesion between NF and epoxy matrix, and homogenous distribution of FRs were achieved.

Paper aims to Preparation and evaluation of isoxazole benzene sulfonamide derivatives and incorporated it with waterborne household paints to develop coating compositions as an insecticidal coating against Musca domestica adults.

The synthesized compounds were prepared and confirmed by different analyzes, fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), mass, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹HNMR) and Carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³CNMR) spectra. The prepared compound has been blended with waterborne household paint formulation, the physical and mechanical properties of the paint formulation has been studied. The efficiency of the isoxazole benzene sulfonamide derivatives when incorporated with waterborne paint against Culex quinquefasciatus and Mosquito house fly adults, also have been examined.

The obtained results of the paint formulations confirmed their best performance and providing good scrub resistance. Also, the finding promising results of the insecticide test of the paint formulation may be because of the biological activity of these compounds and containing sulfonamide, cyanide and free aromatic amine groups comparing with the standard recommended organophosphorus insecticide. The order activity increase with increasing the dose concentration of the isoxazole derivatives and the activity of chemical compounds itself is represented in terms of their medium lethal concentrations LC50 (LC90), which recorded 0.90(1.62), 0.89(1.61) and 0.86(1.56) g/ml for 5, 3 and 4 chemical compounds, respectively, after 72 h from treatment.

These types of organic compounds are friendly environmentally and can be used as a biocide with different types of paint formulations.

Insecticide waterborne household paints based on isoxazole benzene sulfonamide derivatives as insecticide agents are novel.

The world community has long striven for the liquidation of chemical weapons of mass destruction. The 1925 Geneva treaty “On the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacterial Methods of Warfare” was the first international accord on chemical weapons prohibition. Signed by 125 countries, the USSR ratified the treaty in December 1927. The later development of the “Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and their Destruction” (henceforth “the Convention”) followed this early step and was undertaken with Russia's active participation. The Convention was signed by the Russian Federation in January 1993 and ratified by the State Duma in November 1997 with the decision to end chemical weapons stockpiling by 2007. As a signatory, Russia accepted international responsibilities for solving many interrelated problems, paramount among them was the protection of people and the environment (The Convention…, 1994, item 4).

This study contributes to the understanding of the health effects of pesticides exposure and of how pesticides have been and should be regulated.

This study presents literature reviews for the period 2000–2013 on (i) the health effects of pesticides and on (ii) preference valuation of health risks related to pesticides, as well as a discussion of the role of benefit-cost analysis applied to pesticide regulatory measures.

This study indicates that the health literature has focused on individuals with direct exposure to pesticides, i.e. farmers, while the literature on preference valuation has focused on those with indirect exposure, i.e. consumers. The discussion highlights the need to clarify the rationale for regulating pesticides, the role of risk perceptions in benefit-cost analysis, and the importance of inter-disciplinary research in this area.

This study relates findings of different disciplines (health, economics, public policy) regarding pesticides, and identifies gaps for future research.

Examines the fifthteenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.

Reviewing the Food Standards Report on Misdescriptions contained in this issue—the terms, names, phrases widespread in the field of agriculture and food—one cannot fail to notice the impressive role that words generally play in everyday use of language, especially in those areas where widespread common usage imports regional differences. The modern tendency is to give to words new meanings and nowhere is this so apparent as in the food industry; the Food Standards Committee considered a number of these. The FSC see the pictorial device as making a deeper impression than mere words in relation to consumer preference, which is undoubtedly true. Even Memory can be compartmentalized and especially with the increasing years, the memory tends to become photographic, retaining visual impressions more strongly than the written word. Auditory impressions depend largely on their accompaniments; if words are spoken with the showing of a picture or sung to a catchy tune, these will be more strongly retained than mere words on a printed label. At best, pictorial devices give rise to transient impressions, depending on the needs and interests of the viewer. Many look but do not see, and as for spoken words, these may “go in one ear and out of the other!”.