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This paper aims to investigate the effect of paper properties (whiteness, gloss and roughness) on colour laser printing quality. Paper characteristics have a significant influence on print quality and are crucial variables for predicting and reproducing colour.

Six kinds of paper with different properties were selected and the effects of the paper characteristics on the printed paper were studied. Samples were printed with cyan, magenta and yellow toner with a laser printer under identical conditions. The papers and printed papers were evaluated with atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope, gloss-meter, spectrophotometer and densitometer.

Results showed that print quality is statistically dependent on paper type, and the average optical density of printed paper varied for different papers. Furthermore, the increase in the roughness and gloss of the papers in comparison to whiteness more significantly affected the optical density of paper by reducing it.

To achieve high-quality print, laser printing paper and toner require controlled characteristics.

For the first time, the present study evaluated the influence of paper properties on the quality of colour laser printing.

A proliferation of optical products has resulted from the need to find a replacement for microfilm for storing images, to improve mass data storage technologies and to gain control over the distribution of commercial databases. Developers of CD‐ROM products need to follow a strategy that includes the following principles: (1) Focus on innovation rather than the technology; (2) Determine customers' needs; (3) Become expert in the available technologies; (4) Make a commitment to excellence; (5) Prepare a strategic plan; (6) Get a head‐start on the competition. Companies that have already been successful in CD‐ROM product development include R.R. Bowker, Disclosure and General Motors. The chances for success are greater for companies that can introduce new products and services frequently. Several companies have developed families of CD‐ROMs with a common interface, giving multiple users access to the information at the same time.

This paper aims to present the results of investigations that show the influence of ZnO composite soldering paste on the optical and thermal parameters of power light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

ZnO nanocomposite solder alloys were produced via the ball milling process from the solder paste Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7 (SACX0307) and 1.0 wt% of ZnO nanoparticle reinforcements with different primary particle sizes (200 nm, 100 nm and 50 nm). Power LEDs were soldered onto a metal core printed circuit board. A self-designed LED test system was used to measure the thermal and optical characteristics of the LEDs.

The influence of the soldering paste on the thermal and optical parameters of LEDs was observed. In all solder alloys, ZnO ceramic reinforcement, at a level of 1 wt%, increased the thermal parameters of LEDs and decreased their luminous efficiency. Thermal resistance values were10% higher, and junction temperature change over ambient temperature was 20% higher for the samples soldered with composite solder pastes than the reference sample. At the same time, luminous efficiency dropped by 32%.

The results prove that ZnO ceramic reinforcement of solder paste influences the thermal properties of solder joints. As was proven, the quality of the solder joints influences the whole assembly.

The purpose of this paper is to prepare and characterise various ink formulations for inkjet printing on nylon 66 carpet.

Various ink formulations were prepared using CI Acid Red 57, synthetic thickeners (BYK425 and BYK420), ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, isopropanol with auxiliaries. The inks were characterised for their rheological, wetting and storage stability properties. The inks were jetted using a Printos P16 drop‐on‐demand jet print‐head onto nylon 66 carpet materials. The printed images were characterised using an ImageXpert system.

It is found that the inks containing the synthetic thickeners at the optimum ratio give good printing and image properties, such as optical density, drop size, and depth of penetration into the substrate at pH 4‐5. The optimised ink formulation is found to have good storage stability.

The study focuses on ink formulations based on CI Acid Red 57. Ink formulations based on other colorants could also be studied in order to assess the applicability of the ink formulation system found for other colorants.

The ink formulations developed could find use in industrial scale printing.

Low cost ink formulations for printing of nylon carpets are novel.

The purpose of this paper is to set up a consistent off‐equilibrium thermodynamic theory to deal with the self‐heating of electronic nano‐devices.

From the Bloch‐Boltzmann‐Peierls kinetic equations for the coupled system formed by electrons and phonons, an extended hydrodynamic model (HM) has been obtained on the basis of the maximum entropy principle. An electrothermal Monte Carlo (ETMC) simulator has been developed to check the above thermodynamic model.

A 1D n⁺−n−n⁺ silicon diode has been simulated by using the extended HM and the ETMC simulator, confirming the general behaviour.

The paper's analysis is limited to the 1D case. Future researches will also consider 2D realistic devices.

The non‐equilibrium character of electrons and phonons has been taken into account. In previous works, this methodology was used only for equilibrium phonons.

A general approach to the problem is suggested. Using optical contrast as a general characteristic it is shown how objects are identified as such before their structure is analysed. Perception is regarded as a preprocessing phase for pattern recognition, in which essential information is abstracted from an optical image. A focusing device enables the suggested system to analyse the shape of objects in detail.

Mastertool MT8 is a new dry phototool for the production of printed circuit boards, which represents a completely new technology. MT8 is not sensitive to daylight, is free of silver and inherently environmentally safe as the material does not contain any toxic ingradients, no processing chemicals are required and no waste arises. For imaging, the non‐transparent thin bismuth layer of MT8, embedded between polymers, is agglomerated into beads through IR laser radiation, making this area optically transparent. Light and electron microscopy as well as X‐ray diffractometry are used to characterise the composition of the material and the details of the recording processes. Based on finite element modelling, it was possible to interpret theoretically the experimentally determined dependence of the sensitivity on the recording speed. Understanding these material properties enables plotter optimisation for MT8.

In the current study, the authors prepared conductive nano-structured thin films composed of copper on the surface of the printed paper using a magnetron sputtering system. Furthermore, the printability of conductive films for the sake of re-using printed paper and its additional applications were also investigated.

Paper-based electronic devices have been the matter of intense interest because of their easy accessibility, lightweight, low cost, biodegradable, recyclable and ecofriendliness. Furthermore, these devices are inexpensive compared to other substrates. Nowadays, flexible energy and electronic devices made of the paper substrate are receiving a significant interest because of the issue of sustainable energy production from the environment. One of the most reliable techniques for the deposition of thin films and creating conductive patterns on the paper is magnetron sputtering.

The printed and coated printed papers were evaluated with X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive (SEM-EDX), four-point probe conductivity and spectroscopic measurements.

The paper investigates the printability of conductive paper attributable to its second application.

The authors prepared conductive nanostructured copper-based thin films on the surface of the printed paper. They recovered and reused the paper as a root of raw material due to the environmental issue.

The Commercial Invoice is the first EDI message to gain worldwide acceptance, and it has been registered as a standard by the United Nations. The action was hailed by the Commission of European Communities (CEC) as a significant step towards the international agreement on technical standards needed in order for electronic communications to gradually replace paperwork in world trade.

Telecoms Ministers get ready for 1992. An important step towards the Common Market of 1992 was taken last summer by the Council of Telecommunications Ministers, the first formal council devoted to the telecommunications sector since the creation of the European Community. Meeting in Luxembourg, the Ministers gave strong support to the major policy objectives set out in the EC's Green Paper on the telecommunications industry and then added further objectives of their own that could have an immediate impact on European citizens and telecommunications organisations.