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To prepare semi‐synthetic oils satisfying the classification API SF/CC and SAE 10W30 from mineral base oils derived from high paraffinic petroleum, synthetic alkylbenzenes base oils, and suitable additives.

The mixtures of base mineral oils of deep hydro‐isomerization derived from high‐paraffinic petroleum (viscosity at 100°C is 12.5 cSt) and the mixtures of the synthetic alkyl aromatics oils with the naphthenic components (viscosity at 100°C of 8.0 cSt) were used as base oil. viscosity‐temperature properties, pour points, and flash points were modified by mixing of suitable additives. Octan M‐1, Octan M‐2, Octan M‐3, and Octan M‐4 oils were obtained by application of suitable additives into the prepared base oils B‐C. In order to get the SAE 10W30 requirements the viscous additive was added (0.4‐0.6 mass percent) to prepared base oils. For obtaining the API/SF/CC grade oils, package additive (Hitec 9229) additive was added (4.7 mass percent) to the mixture. The oil (Octan M‐1) was tested in the engine of Mercedes‐Benz model 230 car and positive results over 20,000 km running.

It was observed that, viscosities and pour points change linearly as the mass percent of alkylbenzenes the in the base oil mixture is changed. This realizes the possibility of the creation of semi‐synthetic motor oil of desired properties in the case of lack of other low‐viscosity synthetic component such as poly‐á‐olefins, diester and polyester oil. The obtained oils are useful for service in relatively mild climatic conditions (average temperature of the winter period −15 to −30°C).

The obtained oils cannot fully satisfy the requirements of the engines by pour point and low‐temperature characteristics in the absence of additives.

Because of complexity of obtained mixture, it was impossible to study the structure and composition of the obtained products by modern techniques such as high field NMR spectroscopy.

Details practical information on preparation of four semi‐synthetic oils satisfying the classification API SF/CC are reported.

In this series of articles, the author reviews some of the problems involved in the lubrication of modern automobiles and suggests how the use of additive treated oils can assist in their solution. This part reviews the fundamental points concerning automobile engine lubrication and part two will deal with Additives. Later parts will cover fuels, oil consumption and drain periods, transmission lubricants, chassis lubrication, etc.

To provide information on the distribution of oil deposition inside the pipe conducting oil mist used for lubricating purposes and to show resulting variations of oil/air ratio.

The model of an industrial pipeline has been assembled ranging more than 100 m away from the oil mist source, equipped with devices collecting oil deposited inside the pipes. Other tests were performed in stands constructed as parts of pipes coiled in helical form. Long time experiments with continuous oil mist flow enabled to achieve calculable results.

The quantitative results obtained in experimental investigation on the reduction of oil/air ratio in an oil mist header system show that considerable differences of the oil/air ratio may be observed in a typical long pipeline. Possible consequences of oil deficiency on lubrication of remote mechanisms are presented in the case study. Results of tests are shown in diagrams and tables. These results may be useful for correction of design calculations procedures.

Tests have been made on the basis of one kind of the oil atomized in typical condition and conveyed with steady flow through the piping of rather simple geometry. However, there are other factors affecting oil droplets deposition and the most influencing are probably: the flow velocity/pipe diameter factor, oil atomization characteristics and the geometry of the oil mist piping.

The research has shown dramatic decrease of oil content in the long distance systems that may result in poor lubrication of remote mechanisms or over lubrication of those located close to the oil mist generator. It should be taken on account in calculation of oil mist demand to particular lubrication points.

Presented tests have been carried in the scale and flow parameters very close to those applied in industry. Thus, the results are reliable and could be very useful both for designers and the practitioners of centralized oil mist systems.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the degree of improvement in mechanical properties of aluminum alloy (AA6063) after processing with equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) using four environmentally benign lubricants.

Aluminum (Al) 6063 bar was annealed at 350°C for 1 hour, machined and cut to billets measuring 14 × 14 × 44 mm3. These specimens for extrusions were machined to the specified dimension to a visibly good finish. The billets were extruded through ECAE die of 14 × 14 mm2 channel cross-section area; the channel angle was 120°; and the angle of the outer arc of the channels was 30°. The punch and container used for the experiment were made of tool steel alloy AISI D2, and were chromium-coated and polished. Four lubricants such as palm, olive, coconut and groundnut oils were used in this study.

The yield, ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) and the ductility of the material ECAEed with palm oil as lubricant, which gave the least extrusion pressure, produces the maximum yield, UTS and ductility, followed by groundnut oil and coconut oil, while olive oil gave the least yield strength, (UTS) and ductility. However, palm oil and olive oil have better load reduction than other lubricants. Furthermore, from the hardness results, though scattered, all of the points at the tensile strained side of the extrudate lie within a reasonably narrow band, suggesting a high degree of homogeneity and greater hardness value within the rod than the compressive side after being ECAEed.

It is shown in the paper that all the lubricants tested greatly enhanced mechanical properties of Al 6063 and can effectively replace the petroleum-based lubricants used in forging operations.

The AUTHOR USED A LABORATORY TEST rig rather than an engine in order to eliminate unwanted variables and to bring the remaining ones under the eye of the operator. The test rig is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 1, and contains a piston which can be fitted with any desired combination of rings and is reciprocated in a vertical cylinder by an electric motor. The piston is rigidly fixed to a piston rod closely guided above and below the cylinder, but in some tests the upper guide was removed so that the piston then contacted the cylinder as in a normal engine. Cyclic pressure variations were avoided by mounting a reservoir above the cylinder giving a clearance volume of ten times the swept volume and keeping the cylinder pressure within 7 per cent of the mean pressure. Mean pressure could be maintained at any value from a vacuum to 150 lb/sq.in. Commercial nitrogen cylinders were used. The oil jets to the lower side of the piston could supply 1.0 pint/min. An SAE 30 oil was used. Speeds used varied from 750 to 3,000 r.p.m. Differential thermal expansion between piston and cylinder assembly was kept small by operating both cylinder‐jacket water and oil supply at 86°F. (30°C).

Nanoparticles have been studied as additives to lubrication oils for reducing friction and wear. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of nanofluid on engine oil and friction reduction in a real engine.

The nanoparticles were prepared using a high‐temperature arc in a vacuum chamber to vaporize the Ti metal, and then condensed into a dispersant to form the TiO₂ nanofluid, which was used as lubricant additive. Experiments were performed in both real engine running and test rig.

It was found that the engine oil with nanofluid additive with an ethylene glycol dispersant of nanoparticles, had gelled after 10‐h of engine running. The problem of oil gelation (jelly‐like) was solved by replacing the dispersant with paraffin oil. The engine oil with TiO₂ nanoparticle additive exhibited lower friction force as compared to the original oil. The experiment showed that a smaller particle size exhibits better friction reduction with particle size ranging from 59 to 220 nm.

The paper is restricted to findings based on the dispersed nanoparticles in fluid as additive for engine lubrication oil.

The test results are useful for the application of nanofluid additive for engine oil.

Most previous researches in this field were executed on tribotester, rather than the actual engine. This paper describes experimental methods and equipment designed to investigate the application of TiO₂ nanofluid as lubricant additive in internal combustion engine.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an analytical method of jet flow injection direction and to determine the influence of oil nozzle structure parameters on oil injection direction, thus providing the design method of oil nozzle structure parameters.

A model of oil injection loss is established to analyze the influence of oil nozzle structure parameters on oil injection direction. The computational fluid dynamics method is used to simulate the process of the deviation of jet flow injection direction. The deviation of jet flow injection direction with different oil nozzle structure parameters is calculated and their variations are obtained. Moreover, the deviation of jet flow injection direction with different oil nozzle structure parameters is tested to verify the analysis results.

Results indicate that radial velocity caused the deflection of the oil injection direction. The deviation of jet flow increased as the nozzle slenderness ratio decreased. The design method of the nozzle slenderness ratio (greater than five) is proposed to avoid the deviation of injection direction, and it is necessary to consider the matching between the nozzle slenderness ratio and pipeline pressure. The computational results coincide well with the experimental results.

The research presented here analyzed the influence of oil nozzle structure parameters on oil injection direction via a numerical analysis method. It also leads to a design reference guideline that could be used in jet lubrication, thus controlling the direction of the injection jet accurately.

The subject of Horological Lubricants is one which has received very little attention in Lubrication literature. The erroneous tendency to consider that only machinery operating in very high temperatures under difficult conditions of pressure, loading or atmosphere, requires specialist lubrication care, is undoubtedly the reason for this. But the correct functioning of essential time pieces, as well as all small scientific instru‐ments, can be as vital as that of a large machine. The author had been interested in these matters for a number of years when Chief Chemist and Technical Director of Rocol Limited, in whose laboratories many of the advances described in this paper were first evolved and who have given permission for this paper to be published. This paper summarises much of the work carried out on Horological Lubricants over the past twenty‐five years.

The removing of oil from waste silk is carried out widely by microbial fermentation. However, it is difficult to remove the oil completely. In this study, surfactants were used to enhance microbial oil removing. In seven of the surfactants that were tested, 0.1% of the anionic surfactants inhibited the growth of bacteria and 0.1% of the nonionic surfactants partially inhibited the growth of bacteria. When only the surfactant was used to remove oil, all of the tested surfactants helped remove oil from the waste silk and treatment that added 0.1% AEO-9 gave the lowest oil content.

When surfactants were combined with bacteria to remove oil, the oil content was further reduced and the lowest oil content was obtained by combining AEO-9 and bacteria. The optimum conditions for oil removing by combining AEO-9 with bacteria were pH8.0, temperature 40°C, 4% (v/v) inoculum size and 3 days incubation time. Compared with untreated silk, silk treated by combining surfactants with bacteria resulted in a decrease in oil content and improvement in appearance. Scanning electron micrographs showed that treated samples had a clean surface.

The study aimed to focus on the effect of the processing parameters on the physicochemical properties of oil from roselle seed.

Fine and coarse samples of the ground roselle seeds were conditioned to the moisture contents of 4.4‐10.4 per cent and 5.14‐11.14 per cent. Oil was expressed at applied pressures of 15‐37.5 MPa with 7.5 MPa interval using hydraulic oil extractor for between 10‐40 min. at increment of 10 min. and at the heating temperatures of 80, 90, 100 and 110°C over a period of 15‐30 min. at an increment of 5 min. All the physicochemical properties were determined using AOAC and AOCS methods [AOAC, 1984; AOCS, 1994].

The free fatty acid, peroxide values and the colour intensity of the oil were affected by the processing parameters; while saponification value, viscosity, specific gravity, refractive index and the iodine value of the oil were not affected by the expression parameters.

Processing parameters were found to affect the quality attributes of free fatty acid, peroxide values and the colour intensity of the oil.