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The purpose of this paper is to review policy or guidance on the implementation of Section 5(4) written by NHS mental health trusts in England and health boards in Wales.

A Freedom of Information request was submitted to all trusts in England (n=57) and health boards in Wales (n=7) asking them to provide a copy of any policy or guidance on the implementation of Section 5(4). Documents were analysed using content analysis. Specific attention was given to any deviations from the national Mental Health Act Codes of Practice.

In total, 41 (67.2 per cent) organisations had a policy on the implementation of Section 5(4). There was a high level of consistency between local guidance and the Mental Health Act Codes of Practice. There were however; different interpretations of the guidance and errors that could lead to misuse of the section. Some policies contained useful guidance that could be adopted by future versions of the national Codes of Practice.

The research has demonstrated the value of examining the relationship between national and local guidance. Further research should be undertaken on the frequency and reasons for any reuse of the section.

Greater attention should be given to considering the necessity of local policy, given the existence of national Codes of Practice.

This is the only research examining the policy framework for the implementation of Section 5(4).

In the post-industrial information society, the role of mass communication, public information, information space, social and political discourse, as well as the Internet as a new communication environment becomes exceptional. According to the widespread view, the social system and history as a whole change not only the development of material production, but also the improvement of information resources. Information technologies are now widely used both in the activities of commercial organizations and public authorities. In this chapter, the authors discuss the key aspects of economic interaction of the world information economy and the features of the development of Russian society in this process.

The goal of sustainable economic growth is achievable only when economic growth and development occur without environmental degradation. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis explains the inverted U-shaped association between economic activity and environmental degradation. The primary objective of this study is to empirically test the truth behind the EKC hypothesis. In addition to that, the study is intended to analyze the variation in the shape of the EKC; that is, cross-country variation, as well as variation over time. In order to achieve the stated objectives, the study analyzed a long list of countries (75 countries) for a fairly long period of time (1960–2016, i.e., 57 years). The empirical literature in this area estimated the EKC using some form of a polynomial regression equation. This study also used a similar kind of modeling structure to understand cross-country as well as dynamic variation in the shape of the EKC. In this study, firstly the selected countries are grouped on the basis of the shape of the EKC. Secondly, the dynamic behavior of each parameter in the polynomial equation is analyzed to understand the degree of association between economic activity and environmental degradation. This study suggests a decline in degree of association between the two over time.

It is a well-known fact that economic development and rise in the volume of trade due to globalization have led to more production which has further led to the increase in the emission of carbon dioxide in the environment. Under the backdrop, the aim of this chapter is to examine the relationships among per capita CO₂ emissions as the proxy for exploitation of the environment with international trade and per capita GDP in India. It analyzed cointegration and short-run causal relationships between the variables based on a time series data set for the period of 1979–2018. The data found to be stationary at first integration; hence the researchers ran cointegration. The study found that the carbon emissions are an outcome of economic growth and more and more trade with the foreign countries.