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This study proposes targeted modernization of the Department of Defense (DoD's) Joint Forces Ammunition Logistics information system by implementing the optimized innovative information technology open architecture design and integrating Radio Frequency Identification Device data technologies and real-time optimization and control mechanisms as the critical technology components of the solution. The innovative information technology, which pursues the focused logistics, will be deployed in 36 months at the estimated cost of $568 million in constant dollars. We estimate that the Systems, Applications, Products (SAP)-based enterprise integration solution that the Army currently pursues will cost another $1.5 billion through the year 2014; however, it is unlikely to deliver the intended technical capabilities.

After analysing the differences between ionising and non‐ionising radiations, the author considers the interaction between radiations and the environment, in particular that affecting human tissues. The mechanism of the interaction is described in detail. It is shown that no consensus exists at present as to whether the electric or magnetic field is biologically important. Another difficulty is that roles of field strength, duration of exposure, and intermittent versus continuous exposure are also unknown at present. It is maintained that several years of research in biomedical sciences are needed to determine what components of exposure are the factors in health disorders induced by electromagnetic fields.

Discusses environmental factors which may have harmful effects on the cardiovascular system and cause acute or chronic disease. Classifies these factors as chemical, physical, biological and psychosocial. Concentrates on describing the chemical, physical and biological elements which directly cause cardiovascular diseases, such as nicotine and carbon monoxide (chemical); temperatue and electricity (physical) and viral infections such as maternal coxsackie (biological). Concludes by stressing the need for more intensive studies on this subject.

This paper aims to describe the effects of radiation on certain classes of sensors and electronic devices and discusses the sensors used in high radiation environments.

Following an introduction, this paper firstly discusses the effects of radiation on semiconductors. It then considers the sensor technologies employed in high radiation applications and examines the impact of radiation on MEMS devices. Finally, it describes a radiation‐tolerant imaging sensor technology.

Ionising and non‐ionising radiation in terrestrial and space environments can exert a detrimental effect on semiconductor devices and has led to the development of a range of radiation hardening technologies. Most of the sensors used in nuclear power plants utilise long‐established and well‐characterised technologies which are inherently radiation‐tolerant but silicon MEMS devices are more prone to damage and a range of failure mechanisms have been identified. Most conventional image sensors are susceptible to radiation damage but a radiation‐hard technology termed the charge‐injection device has been developed which overcomes these problems.

This paper provides details of the sensor technologies used in high radiation applications.

Inductive charging systems for electrically powered cars produce a magneto-quasistatic field and organism in the vicinity might be exposed to that field. Magneto-quasistatic fields induce electric fields in the human body that should not exceed limits given by the International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation protection (ICNIRP) to ensure that no harm is done to the human body. As these electric fields cannot be measured directly, they need to be derived from the measured magnetic flux densities. To get an almost real-time estimation of the harmfulness of the magnetic flux density to the human body, the electric field needs to be calculated within a minimal computing time. The purpose of this study is to identify fast linear equations solver for the discrete Poisson system of the Co-Simulation Scalar Potential Finite Difference scheme on different graphics processing unit systems.

The determination of the exposure requires a fast linear equations solver for the discrete Poisson system of the Co-Simulation Scalar Potential Finite Difference (Co-Sim. SPFD) scheme. Here, the use of the AmgX library on NVIDIA GPUs is presented for this task.

Using the AmgX library enables solving the equation system resulting from an ICNIRP recommended human voxel model resolution of 2 mm in less than 0.5 s on a single NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU.

This work is one essential advancement to determine the exposure of humans from wireless charging system in near real-time from in situ magnetic flux density measurements.

The paper presents the Finite Element (FE) evaluation of the magnetic field emitted by a Wireless Power Transfer Systems used to charge the battery of electrical vehicles. An original approach for reducing the mesh size of the 3D FE model is used.

A minicar equipped with a circular coil is considered, while the transmitting coil is coherent with the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standard. The different shape of the coils and a possible misalignment are considered as possible sources of emitted magnetic field, which a person could be exposed to. To this end, a FE model is implemented. Because of the complexity of the mesh, a suitable 3D model is used. This model is previously validated and then used for evaluating the magnetic field around the Wireless Power Transfer Systems (WPTS).

The magnetic flux density around the WPTS is calculated and compared with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) limits.

The proposed 3D model, whose validation is shown in the paper, is able to compute the magnetic field with high accuracy despite the presence of a conductive and ferromagnetic thin structure, the steel layer related to the car frame, which would need a very fine mesh with a large number of elements to solve Maxwell equations.

The purpose of this paper is to calculate the induced electromagnetic fields in human body exposed to the wireless inductive charging system of electric vehicles has been conducted based on the numerical simulation.

A homogeneous human body model is built and a representative wireless inductive charging system is used for the exposure assessment. The numerical simulation relies on finite element method with formulations in terms of the magnetic vector potential. The electromagnetic fields in terms of magnetic flux density and electric field are computed in the human body and compared with the electromagnetic exposure limits.

It has been found that the induced EMFs in the near-field exposure configuration greatly comply with the safety guidelines.

This study could help the development of the wireless inductive charging system with meeting the safety standard of radiation protection.

During the past decade, the use of video display terminals (VDTs) in information processing and related applications has grown exponentially. Recent estimates place the number of terminals in the workplace at more than ten million. Along with this rapid growth there has been a concomitant increase in concern about the radiation emissions from the VDT. Several types of radiation can be emitted by the terminal. Cataracts, reproductive problems, and skin rashes have been reported by VDT operators and are alleged to result from radiation exposure. However, measurements of the radiation emissions, when compared to the present occupational exposure standards, lead to the conclusion that the terminal does not present a radiation hazard to the VDT operator.

In the research project “Good practices of stakeholder view” three firms in the Swiss telecommunications industry were analysed in order to compare their stakeholder involvement. This paper seeks to illustrate how these three firms, namely Swisscom, Sunrise, and Orange, dealt with a particular problem all of them faced: the deployment of antennas for mobile telephony that in some cases was strongly opposed by the population. Thereby, the “Telco” firms were challenged as societal institutions and had to defend their licence to operate. The three firms chose different strategies to deal with the problem.

The paper is based on comparative case studies that combine qualitative and quantitative aspects.

The benefits of good stakeholder relations are illustrated as well as the problems that might arise when stakeholders are ignored.

The findings are based on a sample of three telecommunication firms.

The paper suggests good practices for firms that aim to improve their stakeholder interactions.

This paper sheds light on the value of different strategies in the stakeholder relations to maintain a firm's licence to operate and to pursue its business in the intended way.

The purpose of this paper is to describe how numerical models of human body have been applied for the evaluation of current density induced by strong magnetic field, to verify the respect of the basic restriction proposed by International Committee Non Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines.

Finite element method has been used in order to compute the induced current density in a suitable human body model and a simplified model – a homogeneous cylinder – due to a time‐varying magnetic field.

In the practical case of a resistance welding equipment, the implemented computational technique has been used in order to evaluate both the magnetic flux density and the induced current density in different tissues. Their values have been also compared with the ones obtained in a homogeneous cylinder.

The proposed method can be used in order to evaluate the compliance of the magnetic field produced by resistance welding equipments with ICNIRP limits.

A realistic model of human body has been used. In the paper, the difference on magnetic flux density and corresponding current density values is pointed out for various source positions using a heterogeneous tetrahedral human body model.