Search results

There is no comparative research into the Chinese (PSB) police and the Indian police generally and none on police corruption in particular. This paper aims to show what police corruption and malpractices look like in China and India and offer up some suggestions as to why wide spread malpractices persists.

Horses’ mouth qualitative research is supported by primary public and police survey data.

There are many similarities in corruption “tricks of the trade” in both the countries, as well as in the reasons for its persistence. However, petty police corruption is more pervasive and less subtle in India. But both the forces suffer from politicization of policing, criminalization of politics, culture of tolerance towards substantive justice over procedural justice and master/servant attitude towards the public. In China, the police have administrative powers beyond criminal legislation, and Indian corruption is underscored by the culture of “Jugaad”.

This is largely a qualitative research, so the usual arguments regarding limitations on its generalization applies. However, the insights in this article may provide some understanding of this under-researched topic and may stimulate further research in this field. It may also offer pointers to potential solutions for practitioners and policymakers.

By providing data on what corruption looks like and why it persists, policymakers can use the findings of this study to develop measures to address them. In so doing they would create a police service in India and China that is less prone to corruption and misconduct, thereby increasing public trust in these institutions.

Peace and security is a prerequisite condition for economic and social modernization through the rule of law. Reform of the police is a critical success factor in this process. Therefore, by reforming the police, India and China stand a better chance of eradicating poverty and reducing inequality.

There is little in the way of research into the Chinese Police and none into Chinese police corruption. There is also no comparative study of the Chinese and Indian police generally and none on police corruption in particular.

Money laundering schemes are inextricably linked to corruption whereby the latter is utilised either as “a means to an end or as an end in itself”. The prevalence of one of these offences in a country usually signifies the prevalence of the other. The foregoing connection is supported by studies carried out by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank to correlate the connection between money laundering and corruption. Corruption has been exploited to facilitate commission of other crimes such as drug trafficking, prostitution, small arms trafficking and illegal currency trafficking. It has destroyed the myth that corruption is a domestic political issue amenable within individual states borders. Therefore, the design of anti-corruption policy measures should incorporate effective implementation anti-money laundering (AML) strategy and their enforcement on corrupt public officials. It needs to be noted that money accrued from corruption constitutes criminal property under the majority of global AML/CFT frameworks which have been domesticated by individual national governments. Both corruption and money laundering thrive in an environment of bad governance, lack of requisite local oversight institutions, a tenuous legal systems and laws and bad governance. These offences have become so intertwined that it is not easy to tell which is which because they are embedded in each other and in the context of this paper are symbiotic.

The paper articulates that there is a close connection between corruption and money laundering offences. It was undertaken by evaluating primary and secondary data sources to demonstrate the interconnectivity of the foregoing criminal offences in the regulatory realm. The overlapping relationship between corruption and money laundering has been acknowledged by many oversight institutions and national governments. For example, Singapore enacted a legislation: “Corruption, Drug Trafficking and other Serious Crimes (Confiscation of Benefits) Act” in (1999) recognizing the foregoing interconnectivity. The G20 imposed on Financial Action Task Force the requirement to incorporate mechanisms within its framework to combat money laundering and terrorist financing measures to fight corruption. Therefore, this paper has demonstrated a close correlation between corruption and money laundering and what ought to be done at various oversight levels to forestall them.

Corruption and money laundering are inextricably linked such that where one exists, the other one will be also lurking in the background. The paper has articulated the connection between corruption and money laundering and the context they are manifested either together or differently. It has demonstrated that the foregoing offences are literally “Keith and Kin” and should be accorded the same level of attention as serious financial crime, both in theory and practice of states.

While there are many papers which have been published on the subject of money laundering and corruption, not many articulate the connection between corruption and money laundering in the context of this paper. The paper was undertaken by evaluating primary and secondary data sources and analysing this data in different contexts of this paper. However, it would have been better to corroborate some of the foregoing sources by working with oversight AML/corruption institutions. Therefore, the author will ensure that future studies carried out on the subject matter of money laundering and corruption are undertaken with a high measure of collaboration with oversight AML/corruption agencies and possibly also civil society organisation which have a mandate on these similar issues.

This paper is of practical significance for governments, policy and oversight institutions in dealing with issues relating to corruption and money laundering. The paper provides insights into the dynamics of the foregoing twin offences, the context they are manifested and how the law can be better utilised to forestall them. Corruption and money laundering have eviscerated the individual economies capacity to engage in national development programmes, and they need to be addressed as a matter of seriousness, both nationally and internationally. This paper will provide insights into what states need to do to harness the law relating to corruption and money laundering offences, both at an oversight institution and individual national government’s level.

Corruption and money laundering crimes have eroded the fabric of societies, eviscerated individual states capacity to pursue national development goals and not to mention fuelling other crimes such as financing of terrorism, human and small arms trafficking, drugs trafficking, to mention but a few. Therefore, no state can afford to ignore the foregoing transgressions against humanity because no state can claim to be immune from the offshoot effects of corruption and money laundering.

There are not many published papers which articulate the connection between money laundering and corruption in the context of this paper. This paper is one of its kind, original and a must read. It is a must read because it has a lot offer literally to every one û academics, researchers, students, policy and regulatory institutions and the list goes on.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences in police officers’ attitudes toward citizens between China and Ghana, and explore the extent to which officers’ perceptions of citizens influence their effectiveness and behavior.

In total, 271 Chinese police officers were surveyed representing those attending in-service training program at a national police university in China in 2014, and a random sample of 145 Ghanaian police officers was surveyed in 2013, representing those from five police districts in the Accra region of Ghana Police service.

Results revealed significant perceptual variations across the two countries. While Ghanaian officers were found to have more favorable perceptions of citizens’ cooperation and recognition, Chinese officers reported greater levels of citizens’ compliance and disrespectfulness. Moreover, results indicated significant relationships between officers’ attitudes and their sense of effectiveness and behavior in the two countries.

This study is based on a convenient sample of Chinese police officers, which restricts the generalizability of the results.

Findings offer insights for police administrators to reform the police with a focus on improving police perceptions of citizens.

Although there are a few comparative studies that compare police attitudes toward citizens between developing and developed countries, and between western democracies, there is a profound lack of studies comparing these attitudes between developing/transitional countries. This study is an initial attempt to identify variations in officers’ perceptions of the public between two developing/transitional countries.

The purpose of this paper is to articulate that ill-defined global prohibition regimes such as anti-money laundering (AML) could potentially cause more harm than good. The author has carried out a scoping review of some anti-money laundering regimes such as the USA PATRIOT Act to demonstrate how they have been harnessed in some jurisdictions. It deconstructs the broad scope in which money laundering offences are conceptualized and applied by different jurisdictions and its inherent challenges. It has scoped a wide range of issues, often articulating the inherent controversies in some engendered AML regimes such as the USA PATRIOT Act (2001) and its revised Know Your Customer (KYC) model.

This paper was undertaken by straddling a wide range of issues in relation to the shortcomings that are inherent in AML regulatory regimes and their application in practice. However, the analysis focuses on the failures of some AML regimes concentrating largely on the UK and US jurisdictions and, occasionally, drawing examples from African countries. It uses examples from a small sample of countries and then hypothesized that if a regulatory regime is broadly defined, it could cause confusion in its application, let alone being counterproductive to the purpose it was adopted to achieve. It might, therefore, not be very helpful in streamlining how desired norms should be harnessed in practice.

The findings of this paper have correlated that broadly and ill-defined regulatory regimes are bound to cause confusion and controversies, let alone being counterproductive to the purpose they were adopted to achieve. The USA PATRIOT Act and KYC are some of the few examples, whereby ill-defined regulatory regimes have provided a recipe for controversies and tensions between regulatory domains and citizens. For instance, the surveillance mandate to US regulatory authorities under the USA PATRIOT Act has generated tensions between citizens and banks. Cases have been filed against banks for over-exercising their powers and interfering with the individual freedoms of US citizens.

The paper was written largely based on analysis of secondary data on AML regimes and the controversies their application often generates in some countries. For instance, the USA PATRIOT Act has generated tensions between the USA and foreign states, banks and citizens, because of excessive use of its surveillance mandate on the privacy of individuals. Bearing this challenge in mind, it would have been better for the analysis to focus on many countries and, probably, interview bankers and internalize their views accordingly.

The paper is informative. It could be used for making desired policy changes and enhancing research on global regulatory regimes and how they are evolved and applied in practice. It has practical relevance for banks, researchers, students, policy/oversight institutions and governments and it is therefore a worthy read.

The regulation of money laundering crimes is imperative, because, if left unchecked, it can undermine economies, governments and people and erode the fabric of society. However, as much as it is imperative to enact the desired rules to curtail the threat of money laundering and its predicate offences or even forestall it, regimes should be evolved with caution not to alienate the very purpose they were adopted to achieve. For instance, if the application of engendered rules generates tensions between citizens and regulatory authorities, it cannot reflect well not only on the government’s image but can also be counterproductive.

The paper was written using primary and secondary data sources but evaluated using empirical evidence drawn from different jurisdictions. It is therefore original because it is written and evaluated in its unique way to extend the parameters of knowledge on evolution and conceptualization of money laundering regimes.

This paper discusses how corruption, in its various manifestations, has had — and continues to have — a very serious impact on the economic and political stability of the Asia‐Pacific region.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of corruption on the transposition of global anti‐money laundering regimes (AML), such as customer due diligence (CDD) locally.

The global AML framework for purposes of this paper is underscored by the 40+9 recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and the principles of the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision. These standards are contained in FATF recommendations 2003; and the FATF nine special recommendations against Financing of Terrorism 2001 (updated in February 2008). The paper examines some aspects of the current anti‐money laundering and combating financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) framework such as CDD and know your customer to highlight the challenges of harnessing the global AML/CFT regimes locally in some jurisdictions.

The paper establishes that money laundering (ML) and corruption are embedded in each other. By way of examples, cases of ML are rampant in highly corrupt countries.

The dichotomy of corruption and its effect negates the global efforts on fighting ML/financing of terrorism.

Corruption in its various manifestations undermines a country's capacity to harness the global framework against ML and financing of terrorism. Thus, the twin offences of corruption and ML should be accorded the same level of attention as serious financial crimes at a global level.

The paper is written based on the challenges of harnessing the global AML/CFT regimes in inherently corrupt governments. It draws particularly on experiences of corruption and ML in some countries in Africa.

To examine the degree of homogeneity of police officers' evaluations of seriousness of police misconduct across various countries.

The authors surveyed police officers from Croatia (N=1,649), Finland (N=378), and the USA (3,235). Respondents evaluated ten scenarios describing police corruption and one scenario describing the use of excessive force by indicating how seriously they evaluated each described behavior.

Line officers' and supervisors' evaluations of seriousness of the 11 scenarios differ substantially across the three countries. The extent of disagreement varies across cases: opinions are the most heterogeneous for the least serious cases and most homogeneous for the most serious ones. By contrast, relative evaluations of seriousness – rankings of cases in each country – are quite similar across the three countries.

Future research could analyze how perceptions of seriousness vary across police agencies' characteristics (e.g. type, geographic location, and size) and respondents' characteristics (e.g. gender, race/ethnicity, age, or education), as well as forms of police misconduct (e.g. perjury, and racial profiling).

Heterogeneity of evaluations of seriousness across the three countries suggests that country‐ and/or agency‐wide environments play a key role in the police officers' views about seriousness of misconduct. Consequently, by controlling agency‐related factors, police administrators may influence the level of seriousness with which police officers view police corruption.

This paper shows that a larger environment plays a crucial role in forming police officers' perceptions of seriousness of police misconduct. The findings also imply that there is shared hierarchy of seriousness of various cases of police misconduct across police officers from three diverse countries.

The purpose of this paper is to study police crime, which is defined as crime committed by police employees on duty.

Based on an empirical study of all police court crime cases in Norway for the last four years, relationships between coded variables from court cases are explored in this paper.

The court sentence measured in terms of days in jail is influenced by motive, source of information and police culture.

Based on court documents, this study developed measures, coded court text, and analyzed relationships between constructs. The analysis identified crime motive, police culture, and information source as predictors of jail sentence length. The extent of physical versus non‐physical crime by police employees on duty was influenced by crime motive. The source of information tends to be police officers internally when a colleague has committed a physical rather than non‐physical crime.