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PART IV Inorganic chemistry textbooks. Seventeen textbooks of inorganic chemistry are considered in this part of the review, and the inorganic sections of the syllabuses of the three GCE Boards previously discussed are analysed.

Nineteen children in every hundred study chemistry to Ordinary Level GCE, and eighty per cent then drop the subject. Judging by current textbooks and examination syllabuses, these children will have no general understanding of modern chemistry. The author puts forward some suggestions for modernising chemistry curricula.

Sorghum is quite comparable to wheat, rich source of nutrients with various health benefits, and therefore considered as a grain of future. The purpose of this paper is to review the bioactive active compounds, health benefits and processing of the sorghum. Sorghum is utilized for animal feeding rather than the human food usage. Therefore, this paper focuses on the emerging new health foods with benefits of the sorghum.

Major well-known bibliometric information sources searched were the Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed. Several keywords like nutritional value of sorghum, bioactive compounds present in sorghum, health benefits of sorghum and processing of sorghum were chosen to obtain a large range of papers to be analyzed. A final inventory of 91 scientific sources was made after sorting and classifying them according to different criteria based on topic, academic field country of origin and year of publication.

From the literature reviewed, sorghum processing through various methods, including milling, malting, fermentation and blanching, bioactive compounds, as well as health benefits of sorghum were found and discussed.

Through this paper, possible processing methods and health benefits of sorghum are discussed after detailed studies of literature from journal articles.

This study aims to test the effects of Celliant armbands on grip strength in subjects with chronic wrist and elbow pain. Celliant® is a functional textile fabric containing minerals that emit infrared radiation (IR) in response to body heat. IR-emitting fabrics have biological effects including the reduction of pain and inflammation and the stimulation of muscle function.

A randomized placebo-controlled trial recruited 80 subjects (40 per group) with a six-month history of chronic wrist or elbow pain (carpal tunnel syndrome, epicondylitis or arthritis) to wear an armband (real Celliant or placebo fabric) on the affected wrist or elbow for two weeks. Grip strength was measured by a dynamometer before and after the two-week study.

For the placebo group, the mean grip strength increased from 47.95 ± 25.14 (baseline) to 51.69 ± 27.35 (final), whereas for the Celliant group, it increased from 46.3 ± 22.02 to 54.1 ± 25.97. The mean per cent increase over the two weeks was +7.8% for placebo and +16.8% for Celliant (p = 0.0372). No adverse effects was observed.

Limitations include the wide variation in grip strength in the participants at baseline measurement, which meant that only the percentage increase between baseline and final measurements showed a significant difference. Moreover, no subjective measurements of pain or objective neurophysiology testes was done.

Celliant armbands are easy to wear and have not been shown to produce any adverse effects. Therefore, there appears to be no barrier to prevent widespread uptake.

IR-emitting textiles have been studied for their beneficial effects, both in patients diagnosed with various disorders and also in healthy volunteers for health and wellness purposes. Although there are many types of textile technology that might be used to produce IR-emitting fabrics, including coating of the fabric with a printed layer of ceramic material, incorporating discs of mineral into the garment, the authors feel that incorporating ceramic particles into the polymer fibers from which the fabric is woven is likely to be the most efficient way of achieving the goal.

Celliant armbands appear to be effective in painful upper limb inflammatory disorders, and further studies are warranted. The mechanism of action is not completely understood, but the hypothesis that the emitted IR radiation is absorbed by nanostructured intracellular water provides some theoretical justification.

Introduction The corrosion of iron has been extensively studied in various media. In nitric acid solutions, the corrosion of iron is much faster than in other mineral acids at comparable concentrations. This is attributed to an autocatalytic process involving some nitrogen oxides, nitrous acid and/or some iron complexes. At high nitric acid concentrations, passivation of iron takes place. The factors affecting the dissolution and the passivation processes are not fully understood. The effect of various inhibitors on the corrosion of iron in acid media has been studied. Thus Ammar et al. have studied the passivation of iron and the effect of some anions, e.g. Br− and I− on the passive film. The effect of amides as inhibitors for iron in nitric acid has been reported by Fouda and Gouda. These authors have found that the corrosion process is controlled by the reaction of amides with HNO3 and not by the surface reaction. The effect of aniline and some aminobenzoic acids on the rate of corrosion of iron has been reported. The present work is aimed at examining the efficiencies of some aniline substitutes as corrosion inhibitors for the corrosion of iron in concentrated nitric acid solution.

Stainless steel pickling is a major generator of NOx emissions and is also a major producer of nitrate effluents. Hydrogen peroxide technologies have been developed and proven to suppress NOx emissions and also to replace nitric acid in the pickling process and hence remove the problem of nitrate effluent discharge. Presents case histories to illustrate the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide both for NOx suppression and for nitric acid‐free pickling when pickling stainless steels.

The high density of defects mainly attributed to the presence of silicon oxycarbides, residual C clusters, Si- and C-dangling bonds at or near the SiO₂/SiC interface degrades the performance of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices. In the effort of further improving the quality and enhancement of the SiC oxides thickness, post-oxidation annealed by a combination of nitric acid (HNO₃) and water (H₂O) vapor technique on thermally grown wet-oxides is introduced in this work. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

A new technique of post-oxidation annealing (POA) on wet-oxidized n-type 4H-SiC in a combination of HNO₃ and H₂O vapor at various heating temperatures (70°C, 90°C and 110°C) of HNO₃ solution has been introduced in this work.

It has been revealed that the samples annealed in HNO₃ + H₂O vapour ambient by various heating temperatures of HNO₃ solution; particularly at 110°C is able to produce oxide with lower interface-state density and higher breakdown voltage as compared to wet-oxidized sample annealed in N2 ambient. The substrate properties upon oxide removal show surface roughness reduces as the heating temperature of HNO₃ solution increases, which is mainly attributed due to the significant reduction of carbon content at the SiC/SiO₂ interface by C=N passivation and CO or CO₂ out-diffusion.

Despite being as a strong oxidizing agent, vaporized HNO₃ can also be utilized as nitridation and hydrogen passivation agent in high temperature thermal oxidation ambient and these advantages were demonstrated in 4H-SiC.

The aim of this paper is to provide a general overview of the global oil and natural gas resources, production, technology development, energy use, emissions and costs. The activity is based on the European project “Risk of Energy Availability: Common Corridors for Europe Supply Security” (REACCESS) and the data collected was used in this project as an input to evaluate the technical, economical and environmental characteristics of the energy corridors to European Union (EU).

The paper is based on literature reviews and data collection from national authorities, oil companies, international associations and international organisations.

The work provides a general overview of oil and natural gas resources, production rates, recent technology developments, costs, losses, energy consumption and emissions on a world regional level. Main issues related to the role of conventional oil and natural gas in the energy import framework are summarised in this paper.

The present study provides information on conventional oil and natural gas resources and it is limited to primary production technologies.

An outline of oil and natural gas on a regional level is presented. The paper provides general introduction to the subject and it is a valuable input for modelling and analyses of conventional oil and natural gas in the present and in the future energy system.

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are appearing as alternatives to traditional statistical modeling techniques in many scientific disciplines. However, the inherent drawbacks of neural networks such as topology specification, undue training expense, local minima and training unpredictability will overlay their merits in engineering applications, especially. In this paper, adaptive radial basis function (ARBF) network and improved support vector machine (SVM) are presented in atmospheric sciences. The principle component analysis (PCA) technique is employed to the ARBF network as well, namely, ARBF/PCA network for the convenience of expression and comparison, so as to fasten the learning process. Comparing with traditional neural network models, the proposed models can automatically determine the size of network and parameters, fasten the learning process and achieve good generalization performances in prediction of pollutant level. The simulation results based on a real‐world data set demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed methods.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ability of transition metals (TMs) of iron-, nickel- and zinc-doped graphene nanosheet for adsorption of toxic gas of nitric oxide (NO). The results of this paper have provided a favorable understanding of the interaction between TM-doped graphene nanosheet and NO molecule.

A high performance of TM-doped graphene nanosheet as a gas sensor is demonstrated by modeling the material’s transport characteristics by means of the Langmuir adsorption and three-layered ONIOM/ density functional theory method. The Langmuir adsorption model has been done with a three-layered ONIOM using CAM-B3LYP functional and LANL2DZ and 6–311G (d, p) basis sets by Gaussian 16 revision C.01 program towards the formation of of NO→TM(Mn, Co, Cu)-doped on the Gr nanosheet.

The changes of charge density for Langmuir adsorption of NO on Mn-, Co- and Cu-doped graphene nanosheet orderly have been achieved as: ΔQ_Co-doped = +0.309 >> ΔQ_Mn-doped = −0.074 > ΔQ_Cu-doped = −0.051. Therefore, the number of changes of charge density have concluded a more remarkable charge transfer for Mn-doped graphene nanosheet. However, based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the sharp peaks around Cu doped on the surface of graphene nanosheet and C19 close to junction of N2 and Co17 have been observed. In addition, Cu-doped graphene sheet has a large effect on bond orbitals of C8–Cu 17, C15–Cu 17 and C16–Cu17 in the adsorption of NO on the Cu-doped/Gr which has shown the maximum occupancy. The amounts of ΔGads,NO→Mn−Co through IR computations based on polarizability have exhibited that ΔGads,NO→Mn−Co has indicated the most energy gap because of charge density transfer from the nitrogen atom in NO to Mn-doped graphene nanosheet, though ΔG(NO→Cu−C)0> ΔG(NO→Co−C)0>ΔG(NO→Mn−C)0.

This research aims to explore the adsorption of hazardous pollutant gas of “NO” by using carbon nanostructure doped by “TM” of iron, nickel and zinc to evaluate the effectiveness of adsorption parameters of various TM-doped graphene nanosheets.