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The paper describes the relationship between parents’ and teachers’ demographic factors and their judgments about children’s activities and school readiness in primary schools of Tehran. The purpose of this paper is to determine: first, the relationship between the child’s gender and the frequency of parent-child activities; second, the relationship between the parent’s gender, age and educational level and the frequency of parent-child activities; and third, the relationship between the teacher’s gender, educational level and length of service with rate of frequency of the child’s school readiness.

Multi-stage Cluster Sampling was used to select samples, and the research instruments (questionnaires) were distributed among 36 first grade teachers and 756 parents.

The study found that there were significant gender differences in hands-on activities. With regards to the parent’s age and gender, there were significant differences only in hands-on activities, while, with respect to the educational level of fathers and mothers, there were significant differences in both hands-on and community activities among children. Finally, the finding indicated that there was a significant relationship between children’s skills and the teacher’s gender and length of service.

Although the research findings are consistent with the reality of Iranian families, more research is needed relating the types of activities in which parents and children engage.

Examines the process of systemic disintegration in the USSR brought about by perestroika, demokratizatsiya and glasnost. Places Soviet economic crises in a broader political and nationalities context. Concludes that liberalization and democratization led both to the break‐up of the Communist system and that of the imperial state.

The purpose of the work is development a novel of hydro-vibration technology for the formation of hats from fabrics, which will expand the functionalities of application of various fabrics.

The work is based on a novel technology of forming hats from different fabrics with the use of liquid-active working environment (LAWE). This hydro-vibration technology is characterized by high efficiency, productivity, manufacturability and potential opportunities when compared to existing technologies. This allows expanding its range of applications and increase functionality.

In the article, hydro-vibration technology is developed for the formation of hats from fabrics. As a result of the experiment, regression dependences of the shape stability coefficient on the formation factors having a close correlation were obtained. The performed optimization allowed determining the optimal values of technological parameters of the vibroforming process from fabrics: LAWE pressure 0.26 MPa, vibration frequency LAWE 4.3 Hz, forming time 74 s.

The use of developed hydro-vibration technology has great practical significance in the textile industry. This technology increases labor productivity and reduces the cost of production of hats due to its high efficiency. Increased efficiency is provided by the use of special equipment, methods and optimal parameters of the hats formation. With sufficient refinement, the developed technology can be applied to other technological processes.

Originality of the work is using liquid-actin working environment at vibroforming of heads of headdresses from fabrics. It is determined that the use of LAWE is effective in the formation of hats. To ensure maximum plasticization of textile fibers in the fabric of the part and increase the force field, it is developed a novel hydro-vibration technology of forming the heads of hats from fabrics.

Extensions/applications/revisions of the Marxian vision of socialism can broadly be categorized into two polar strands: the centralized and the decentralized strands of socialist economic systems. Explores the main postulates of a decentralized version of a socialist economic system as provided by Kautsky, Luxembourg, Bernstein, Bukharin and Lange. The centralized strand of socialist economic systems has been elaborated drawing mainly from the writings of Lenin, Trotsky, Dobb, Sweezy and Baran.

Current events in the Soviet Union cannot be understood without comprehending the nature of Soviet communism. Begins with a description of the system singlehandedly imposed on the Soviet Union by Lenin and Stalin, focusing on the key elements of Marxist‐Leninist ideology and the nomenklatura. Brings to light a seldom‐recognized characteristic of communist governments, which is obscured by official propaganda, that Marxism‐Leninism is firmly grounded on “science”. It involves the rejection, by communist policy makers, of any coherent intellectual framework which would guide and also explain their actions. This, however, is not surprising, because any theoretical blueprint would force these leaders to spell out the precise goals they are pursuing, as well as the costs (to whom?) and the benefits (also to whom?) of their actions. It would, additionally, make the communist party accountable for its policies, a fact that would represent an intolerable restriction of its practically unlimited power. Perestroika has not changed this situation. The absence of a programme or of a priori guidelines allows Gorbachev to declare his willingness to introduce market processes, while, at the same time, emphasizing that all his reforms are made “in accordance with the socialist choice”. A case study of the recently legalized Soviet “co‐operative” sector confirms this lack of commitment to unambiguous policies. The prerequisites for a transition from a centrally planned to a market economy are therefore developed by Western, not Soviet, experts. They invariably call for the abandonment of the communist system and the demise of its beneficiary, the nomenklatura. Gorbachev, who has risen to power as an exponent of the “new class” (Milovan Djilas) is unwilling to accept this trade‐off. He can therefore be expected to continue his policy of vacillation, while his country′s economic, political, and social problems remain unresolved.

Operating out of a Slavophile tradition, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn offers a critique of both Soviet and Western societies that is comprehensive and damning. A review of his writings reveals a profound rejection of many core values and practices of Western civilization. What is viewed as an aberrant Soviet experience is understood as but a logical extension of developments in the West. Solzhenitsyn′s prescription for an identified Soviet and Western moral bankruptcy draws on past Russian Orthodox thinking and practices. Playing to Russian collectivist and conservative instincts, he venerates an idyllic Russian rural setting; but that setting has little relevance to contemporary Soviet reality. Ironically, Solzhenitsyn′s strong reformist inclinations are not unlike those of many reformers now championing change in a post‐Soviet Russia. But his stated political and economic preferences place him solidly in the ranks of contemporary Russian nationalist extremists, making him a leading figure for those promoting a return to earlier authoritarian Russian practices.

Continues an examination of the Gorbechev era (1985‐91) in Soviet development as an example of a movement towards a more democratized form of Soviet‐style socialism. An earlier artilce focused on underlying causes and origins of this democratized version of Soviet socialism and its institutions and policy measures. Extends analysis of the Gorbachev period to consideration of its economic and political consequences and its tensions and contradictions, leading to disintegration of the Soviet politico‐economic system.