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1 – 10 of over 71000There has been little explicit consideration of do‐it‐yourself (DIY) in previous manufacturing literature. This may be because traditional DIY is an outlet for physical goods that…
Abstract
Purpose
There has been little explicit consideration of do‐it‐yourself (DIY) in previous manufacturing literature. This may be because traditional DIY is an outlet for physical goods that are made‐to‐forecast, such as boats kits for self‐assembly and personal use. However, since the beginning of the twenty‐first century, DIY has extended to the invention and the sale of physical goods, as well as their assembly and use. The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to the manufacturing literature by providing an analysis of DIY invention and production of physical goods for use or sale (new‐DIY paradigm).
Design/methodology/approach
Literature review related to DIY invention and production of physical goods for use or sale; and its differences with the existing paradigm for creating physical goods: including enabling technologies and enabling thinking.
Findings
DIY invention and production is able to create physical goods, which are both original and economical, through open, distributed, minimal processes. Within the existing paradigm, by contrast, physical goods are created, which are either original or economical, through processes that are less open, less distributed, and less minimal than the processes of new‐DIY.
Practical implications
DIY invention, production, and sale of physical goods deploys technologies that are used within the existing paradigm for creating physical goods. The difference in outcomes is due to the different conceptualization of invention, production, and sales within the established paradigm.
Originality/value
The originality of the paper is that it provides an analysis of key aspects of DIY invention, production, and sales. The value of the paper is that it provides a starting point for researchers and practitioners seeking to determine how practices, technologies, and challenges of the existing paradigm can be related to DIY opportunities.
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Changes in the traditional values, institutional context, and choice of change programs are currently shaping the postmodern science and practice of organization development (OD)…
Abstract
Changes in the traditional values, institutional context, and choice of change programs are currently shaping the postmodern science and practice of organization development (OD). These changes manifest themselves in powerful new value orientations, intervention frameworks, and practices that challenge OD's long-held beliefs in ethical and justice-based treatment. In this effort, traditional and new paradigm ethical dilemmas are explored, as well as their relationship to four postmodern practices and five emergent intervention techniques. Components of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice are explained relative to change management programs generally, and to emergent techniques specifically. Published case illustrations are used to depict new paradigm ethical dilemmas and opportunities to create a “just change.”
This article proposes a new paradigm including the concepts of contextualized multiple intelligences (CMIs) and triplization for reforming education. A pentagon theory is…
Abstract
This article proposes a new paradigm including the concepts of contextualized multiple intelligences (CMIs) and triplization for reforming education. A pentagon theory is developed as the base for learning and teaching, to help students develop the necessary CMIs in the new century. Then the article illustrates the concepts and processes of triplization, including globalization, localization, and individualization, and explains why they together can provide a completely new paradigm to reform school education, curricula and pedagogy and how they can substantially contribute to the development of CMIs, of not only students, but also teachers and schools. Finally, the implications of the new paradigm for changing curricula and pedagogy are advanced. It is hoped that the new century education can support students becoming CMI citizens, who will be engaged in life‐long learning and will creatively contribute to building up a multiple intelligence society and global village.
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This chapter explores the potential for and value of imagining a humanist paradigm for tourism studies. It explores how the idea of a “paradigm” in tourism can be conceptualized…
Abstract
This chapter explores the potential for and value of imagining a humanist paradigm for tourism studies. It explores how the idea of a “paradigm” in tourism can be conceptualized, arguing that dominant thoughtlines in other fields regarding the meaning of a paradigm are not sufficient for making sense of this idea in the context of tourism studies. The chapter introduces humanism as a philosophical position in the academy and as a lived cultural practice, explores examples of extant work in tourism studies that might be seen to provide the seeds of a humanist paradigm, and offers reflections on the value of imagining such a paradigm for our field.
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Like most fields, the field of organizational change management has altered over time. In recent years the field has taken a “cultural turn”. Accordingly its methodological focus…
Abstract
Like most fields, the field of organizational change management has altered over time. In recent years the field has taken a “cultural turn”. Accordingly its methodological focus has altered somewhat. Sets out to analyse the claim that this methodological adjustment is reflective of the emergence of a new paradigm of management and of the management of organizational change. Appraises the need for new and emergent paradigms for the analysis of organizational change. Argues that these so‐called new paradigms lack not only novelty but applicability. Presents a case for using not old, but little‐discussed paradigms. Argues, however, that theorizing should be viewed both as a cognitive process and as a social process, and from this standpoint suggests that theoretical change and development are likely to be more ponderous and problematic than is acknowledged, since such a change would require theorists themselves to commit to a new research agenda which could only be facilitated by their acceptance of change at a personal level.
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Clayton M. Christensen and Richard S. Rosenbloom
Understanding when entrants might have an advantage over an industry’s incumbent firms in developing and adopting new technologies is a question which several scholars have…
Abstract
Understanding when entrants might have an advantage over an industry’s incumbent firms in developing and adopting new technologies is a question which several scholars have explained in terms of technological capabilities or organizational dynamics. This paper proposes that the value network—the context within which a firm competes and solves customers’ problems—is an important factor affecting whether incumbent or entrant firms will most successfully innovate. In a study of technology development in the disk drive industry, the authors found that incumbents led the industry in developing and adopting new technologies of every sort identified by earlier scholars—at component and architectural levels; competency-enhancing and competency-destroying; incremental and radical—as long as the technology addressed customers’ needs within the value network in which the incumbents competed. Entrants led in developing and adopting technologies which addressed user needs in different, emerging value networks. It is in these innovations, which disrupted established trajectories of technological progress in established markets, that attackers proved to have an advantage. The rate of improvement in product performance which technologists provide may exceed the rate of improvement demanded in established markets. This mismatch between trajectories enables firms entering emerging value networks subsequently to attack the industry’s established markets as well.
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This study demonstrates how individual paradigms implicate the questions asked, methods used and results drawn in association with a common object of study in human information…
Abstract
Purpose
This study demonstrates how individual paradigms implicate the questions asked, methods used and results drawn in association with a common object of study in human information behavior (HIB) research – the relationship between uncertainty and decision-making.
Design/methodology/approach
The author uses textual case studies to examine uncertainty and decision-making through the framework of four paradigms used in HIB research: positivism, cognitivism, collectivism and constructionism and suggests deconstructionism as a paradigm which raises new questions around this topic.
Findings
Positivistic approaches to uncertainty are often systems oriented; cognitive approaches are often user-oriented; collectivist approaches are intersubjective; and constructionist approaches blend a subjective and intersubjective research orientation. Deconstructionism raises new questions around ethics and responsibility in relation to decision-making, and the author therefore situates it as a new paradigmatic approach for this topic in HIB research.
Originality/value
Despite the presence of research aimed at recognizing and defining paradigms in HIB research, a comparative micro-examination of how individual paradigms implicate a specific research topic has yet to be conducted. Each paradigm uniquely shapes the ways in which uncertainty and decision-making are characterized, but the four central ones examined here have thus far left out questions of ethics and responsibility as being core elements of decision-making as tied to uncertainty. Therefore, this paper introduces deconstructionism as a paradigm new to HIB uncertainty research, arguing that it provides an important and novel complication of existent research questions and approaches.
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New approaches for non‐classical neural‐based computing are introduced. The developed approaches utilize new concepts in three‐dimensionality, invertibility and reversibility to…
Abstract
Purpose
New approaches for non‐classical neural‐based computing are introduced. The developed approaches utilize new concepts in three‐dimensionality, invertibility and reversibility to perform the required neural computing. The various implementations of the new neural circuits using the introduced paradigms and architectures are presented, several applications are shown, and the extension for the utilization in neural‐systolic computing is also introduced.
Design/methodology/approach
The new neural paradigms utilize new findings in computational intelligence and advanced logic synthesis to perform the functionality of the basic neural network (NN). This includes the techniques of three‐dimensionality, invertibility and reversibility. The extension of implementation to neural‐systolic computing using the introduced reversible neural‐systolic architecture is also presented.
Findings
Novel NN paradigms are introduced in this paper. New 3D paradigm of NL circuits called three‐dimensional inverted neural logic (3DINL) circuits is introduced. The new 3D architecture inverts the inputs and weights in the standard neural architecture: inputs become bases on internal interconnects, and weights become leaves of the network. New reversible neural network (RevNN) architecture is also introduced, and a RevNN paradigm using supervised learning is presented. The applications of RevNN to multiple‐output feedforward discrete plant control and to reversible neural‐systolic computing are also shown. Reversible neural paradigm that includes reversible neural architecture utilizing the extended mapping technique with an application to the reversible solution of the maze problem using the reversible counterpropagation NN is introduced, and new neural paradigm of reversibility in both architecture and training using reversibility in independent component analysis is also presented.
Originality/value
Since the new 3D NNs can be useful as a possible optimal design choice for compacting a learning (trainable) circuit in 3D space, and because reversibility is essential in the minimal‐power computing as the reduction of power consumption is a main requirement for the circuit synthesis of several emerging technologies, the introduced methods for non‐classical neural computation are new and interesting for the design of several future technologies that require optimal design specifications such as three‐dimensionality, regularity, super‐high speed, minimum power consumption and minimum size such as in low‐power control, adiabatic signal processing, quantum computing, and nanotechnology.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyse international business (IB) scholarship and present current gaps and new realities to enhance scholarly discourse.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse international business (IB) scholarship and present current gaps and new realities to enhance scholarly discourse.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper divides the scholarship into three distinct sections. First, it interrogates the changing definitions of the field from the 1880s to date. Secondly, IB paradigms are cross-examined while highlighting the understudied emerging interaction paradigm. Lastly, literature gaps, methodological gaps and new realities in IB are presented.
Findings
This research shows that IB inquiry has concentrated on firm-level paradigms, leaving the emerging interaction paradigm understudied. As a result, there is a deficit of novel ideas and limited research on critical emerging issues affecting IB. Further, simplistic methodologies are prevalent, making IB scholarship weak. Additionally, a majority of studies concentrate on the Americas, Europe and Asia, leaving Africa understudied.
Originality/value
This research augments the need for scholars to cross-examine the best approach to apply in IB discourse and presents gaps calling for new insights and future research directions.
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