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The challenge of explaining all neural and even psychic phenomena with the aid of cybernetics concepts is discussed. The theories concerning the nature of the human brain's activity are considered. The central theme is to propose some paradigms for the neuron and for various neuron nets. Models for the input psychic functions such as creativity, language and social integration are presented.

Defines neurocybernetics as a science concerned with the processes of control and communication in the nervous system. It is then possible to identify three components of this science: the organization, the control, and the information theory, based on three streams in the material world (substance, energy, and information). The organization theory is based on cognition of the structural and functional nature of the brain as the most complex biological self‐organization system. Considers that the extreme complexity of the environment explains that control and self‐control processes are based on the probabilistic, or even fuzzy logic of cause‐effect responses on stimuli determined by the brain analyzer structures. In accordance with the general theory of information, distinguishes three aspects of brain information activity: statistic, semantic, and pragmatic.

Neurological sciences, cybernetics and general system theory achieved in the last decade enough progress to permit the establishment of a satisfactory theory of the functioning of the nervous system. We propose an axiomatic‐like theoretical skeleton for neurocybernetics and psychocybernetics in the form of eight theses. These theses can be considered as the essential aspects of the formal framework needed for the actual intepretation and the future development of our knowledge in the field of brain research.

By considering the nervous system as a type of communication system with reliable transmission of signals an attempt is made to use in neurophysiology the basic information theory theses developed by Shannon for technical communication systems. Some results of different information indices calculations (those of capacity, redundancy, degree of reliability and so on) of the pulses incorporated in their functional community (neuron ensembles) are presented. A comparison is made between peripheral and central neurons information indices. The leading role of spike trains redundancy is stressed in the mechanisms of securing a reliable signals transmission in the nervous system. The relation between redundancy and randomization process of neuron spike trains structures is shown.

Many genuine aspects of the high level behaviour of the nervous system (NS) can be understood in terms of co‐operative processes among neurons computing at the algorithmic level. This conception of the NS is applied to the study of the co‐operative control of incompatible modes of behaviour generally associated to reticular formation. The KM space is defined to generalise the problems of modal decision. Some drastic convergence agreement algorithms in the mode selection are proposed in such a way that the NS is stable in situations of lesion or cortical inhibition which eleminates the participation of a large number of reticular units.

The mind‐brain duality has engendered fundamental problems integral to both neurocybernetics and psychobiology. Although Greek thought did not, in general, separate mind from nature, by the time of Descartes in Western civilization, a division had been made between mind (or soul) and brain. Descartes formalized this concept in the construction of the reflex which is basic to almost all disciplines relating to the nervous system. Thus, the dualities of mind‐brain, stimulus‐response and environment‐organism entered into the scientific constructs of our time. An attempt is developed here to demonstrate analytical and experimental approaches for a new concept of the nervous system in which the existence of these dualities is no longer necessary.

Labyrinth test psychophysiological experiment is elaborated to analyze possible mechanism of the probabilistic prognosis forming and realizing in the condition of essential information uncertainty. The dynamics of the probabilistic prognosis construction and improvement during multi‐stage labyrinth test solving is established. This dynamics is characterized by considerable changes of the subjective probabilities and membership function quantitative indices apparently used in the fuzzy logic of mental activity being applied in decision‐making processes realized in the condition of uncertainty. The possible link between probabilistic prognosis efficiency and some functional peculiarities of cortical hemisphere asymmetry has also been studied.

The approach of biocybernetics and non‐equilibrium systems dynamics is used to analyse biological, psychological, anthropological and cultural evolution. Using experimental data, positive feedback of biological activation and Prigogine‐Einstein fluctuation analysis, the energy dissipation equations for biological and anthropological evolution are developed.

Some ideas about the structural and functional nature of organization and self‐organization processes and their evolutionary dynamics are considered from the standpoint of organization, control, and information activity in brain cellular and system structures.