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Although the gazing qualities of the natural environment play an essential role in the communication of tourist experiences, the natural environment is an under-communicated and underused element in the staging of tourist activities. To illustrate the potential staging strategies for tourism firms as they relate to natural environments, this paper presents a discussion of two cases from northern Norway: a dog-sled race and a Northern Lights hunt. Interpretative data analysis of the respective cases’ staging strategies was undertaken to shed light on how each case opted to stage the natural environment. Viewed as separate from the exploration of the cases, the paper includes a discussion of the staging dimensions of exploration, play, and learning. Furthermore, the benefits linked to the use of these dimensions were brought to the fore as important to efforts at involving tourists in the offered activities and in facilitating cocreation.

The mall industry in Latin America has grown rapidly in the past decade, offering diverse proposals oriented to improving the attractiveness of this commerce format; along this line, despite the fact that several studies have analyzed variables from an ecological perspective based on the relationship of the physical space with the consumers (from a marketing context), there is shortage in research regarding alternative attractiveness factors inspired by nature, although its connection with people’s behavior has been confirmed. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to answer the following question: Is the perception of environments with natural resources displayed in malls an alternative attractiveness factor for visitors? Thus, does it benefit its own competitive management against other attractiveness variables that focus on offering variety, accessibility, physical design and entertainment?

The quantitative method is an exploratory factor analysis that is followed by a confirmatory analysis and resulting in a measurement model based on 470 effective questionnaires. The exploratory and confirmatory nature focused on multidimensional verification of the measurement model (including the validation of the eco-natural environment) justified this choice in consistence with prior research that has used goodness of fit criteria.

The paper not only suggests the existence of a perception factor in the eco-natural environment, but it also determines its comparative importance over other traditional attractiveness factors reported in scientific literature. Particularly because commercial attractiveness is a consequence of how marketing variables are managed by malls and of how consumers respond to said variables, benefiting the visit’s experience.

The paper contributes to malls’ competitive management by suggesting and proving the importance of the eco-natural environment as a commercial attractiveness factor; thus, the results encourage this format’s developers to take into account new ways of persuasion considering its progressive and competitive rise in the past years in Latin America.

There is shortage of research on alternative attractiveness factors for malls; therefore, contrasting the eco-natural environment in a measurement model of commercial attractiveness allows contributing strategic information to the industry, which in turn constitutes an innovative resource to lure and motivate visitors. On the other hand, the paper contributes the state of knowledge of environmental variables over consumers’ assessments.

La industria de los centros comerciales en américa latina ha crecido rápidamente en la última década caracterizándose por diversas propuestas orientadas a mejorar la capacidad de atracción de estos formatos de comercio; en esta línea, a pesar de que existen varios estudios que han analizado dichas variables desde una perspectiva ecológica basada en la relación del ambiente físico con los consumidores en el contexto de marketing, existe una escases de investigación sobre factores alternativos de atracción inspirados en la naturaleza pese a su ya comprobada relación sobre el comportamiento de las personas. Por tanto, este documento tiene como objetivo responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿La percepción de ambientes con recursos naturales dispuestos en centros comerciales son un factor alternativo de atracción para visitantes? y, por tanto, puede favorecer su propia gestión competitiva frente a otras variables de atracción centradas en la variedad de la oferta, la accesibilidad, el diseño físico y el entretenimiento.

El método cuantitativo corresponde a un análisis factorial exploratorio seguido por un análisis confirmatorio obteniendo un modelo de medida a partir de 470 cuestionarios efectivos. La naturaleza exploratoria y confirmatoria centrada en comprobación multidimensional del modelo de medida (incluyendo la validación del ambiente eco-natural) justificó esta elección en coherencia a investigaciones antecedentes que han utilizado criterios de bondad del ajuste.

La investigación no solamente sugiere la existencia del factor de percepción del ambiente eco-natural, sino que también permite determinar su importancia comparativa sobre otros factores tradicionales de atracción reportados por la literatura científica. Particularmente debido a que la atracción comercial es una consecuencia de cómo gestionan las variables de mercadeo los centros comerciales y de cómo responden los consumidores a dichas variables favoreciendo su experiencia de visita.

La investigación contribuye a la gestión competitiva de los centros comerciales al sugerir y demostrar la importancia del ambiente eco-natural como factor de atracción comercial, ante lo cual, los resultados alientan a desarrolladores de estos formatos a considerar nuevas formas de persuasión teniendo en cuenta su aumento progresivo y competitivo en los últimos años en américa latina.

Existe escases de investigaciones sobre nuevos factores alternativos de atracción para centros comerciales, en esta línea, contrastar el ambiente eco-natural en un modelo de medida de atracción comercial, permite aportar información estratégica a la industria constituyéndose un recurso innovador para conquistar e incentivar a visitantes. Por otra parte, la investigación logra aportar al estado de conocimiento de las variables ambientales sobre las evaluaciones del consumidor.

Ambiente ecológico, Ambiente de naturaleza, Factores de atracción,Centros comerciales

Trabajo de investigación

O setor de shopping centers na América Latina cresceu rapidamente na última década, oferecendo diversas propostas orientadas para melhorar a atratividade deste formato de comércio; Nessa linha, apesar de vários estudos terem analisado variáveis de uma perspectiva ecológica a partir da relação do espaço físico com os consumidores (de um contexto de marketing), há escassez de pesquisas sobre fatores de atração alternativos inspirados na natureza, embora a conexão com o comportamento das pessoas foi confirmada. Portanto, o objetivo deste documento é responder a seguinte pergunta: A percepção de ambientes com recursos naturais apresenta nos shoppings um fator de atratividade alternativo para os visitantes? Assim, beneficia a sua própria gestão competitiva contra outras variáveis de atratividade que se concentram em oferecer variedade, acessibilidade, design físico e entretenimento?

O método quantitativo é uma análise fatorial exploratória que é seguida por uma análise confirmatória e resulta em um modelo de mensuração baseado em 470 questionários efetivos. A natureza exploratória e confirmatória focada na verificação multidimensional do modelo de mensuração (incluindo a validação do ambiente eco-natural) justificou essa escolha em consistência com pesquisas anteriores que utilizaram critérios de qualidade de ajuste.

A pesquisa não apenas sugere a existência de um fator de percepção no ambiente eco-natural, mas também determina sua importância comparativa em relação a outros fatores de atratividade tradicionais relatados na literatura científica. Particularmente porque a atratividade comercial é uma consequência de como as variáveis de marketing são gerenciadas pelos shoppings e de como os consumidores respondem a essas variáveis, beneficiando a experiência da visita.

A pesquisa contribui para a gestão competitiva dos shoppings ao sugerir e comprovar a importância do ambiente ecologicamente natural como fator de atratividade comercial, assim, os resultados incentivam os desenvolvedores deste formato a levar em conta novas formas de persuasão, considerando sua progressividade e competitividade em aumento nos últimos anos na América Latina.

Há escassez de pesquisas sobre fatores de atratividade alternativos para shoppings, portanto, contrastando o ambiente eco-natural em um modelo de mensuração de atratividade comercial permite contribuir com informações estratégicas para a indústria, que por sua vez constitui um recurso inovador para atrair e motivar visitantes. Por outro lado, a pesquisa contribui para o estado do conhecimento das variáveis ambientais sobre as avaliações dos consumidores.

Ambiente ecológico, Ambiente de natureza, Fatores de atracção, Shopping

Artigo de pesquisa

Proximity to nature is essential to a child’s development. Well-designed educational environments are crucial to supporting this proximity, particularly in the early years of schooling. The purpose of this paper is to measure children’s experiences of nature within three primary school spaces at various locations in Glasgow, Scotland. The methodology for measuring children’s visual and non-visual sensory experiences is developed to evaluate the connection between naturalness values and spatial environmental qualities across varying “Child–Nature–Distance” ranges.

The approach associates children’s multiple layers of sensory modalities with particular attributes of the spatial environment within primary schools to determine the level of naturalness that children experience, in both internal and external spaces.

The study finds that children’s experiences are significantly influenced by factors relating to urban setting, built environment master planning, architectural features and interior design.

Apart from primary school architecture for children, this methodology could be fully developed to the comprehensive human–nature relationship under the impacts of physical features and societal of other diversified environments in a future study. However, the offering reasonable primary school architecture for a proper children’s multi-sensorial experience with natural environment cannot thoroughly established with a quantitative aspect by the present study only. More qualitative research is recommended to examine the process of altering from “cause” to “perceived” nature of users’ cognitions, attitudes and behaviours within the exposure proximity to nature.

The methodology for measuring visual and non-visual sensorial experiences of nature, and its application to children’s learning and leisure spaces within primary school architecture could offer a tool for assessing current schools, and evaluating future design proposals for new schools.

The authors argue that the applicationof this method can support design decision making for refurbishing schools at the micro level, and in planning urban development involving proposals for new schools at the macro level.

People visit malls not only to buy a product they need but also to enjoy the atmosphere or environment of the shopping center. Based on design and eco-natural environment, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the attraction factors of shopping centers.

The sample comprised 449 consumers from 25 different shopping centers in Bogota. The structural equation model (AMOS) enables the authors to discuss the influence of the design of green and natural spaces in the commercial management of shopping centers, given its positive and significant effect on the intention to visit.

Shopping centers are, by definition, spaces with a high level of design of the commercial environment. In this case, as evidenced in the results of this research, the design of ecological spaces and environments has the potential of becoming a field of interest for the commercial management of shopping centers, given its potential effect on visiting and shopping intentions.

The main originality of this study was to empirically include and demonstrate the influence of design and natural eco-environment on the intention to visit, along with other elements considered in previous investigations. Therefore, identification of specific empirical findings related to the way attraction factors work allows marketing directors and managers to improve their management decisions concerning design and implementation of marketing strategies, tactical decision guidance, decision-making assessment or control, and the proposal of alternative positioning attributes, such as the design, management, and arrangement of eco-natural environments that allow to increase the number of visits and purchases within these establishments.

In the 1950s, Einstein predicted that if humankind is to survive, we will need a substantially new manner of thinking. He believed that our task in life must be to widen our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its infinite beauty. The combined disciplines of mindfulness, ecopsychology, and sustainability education offer humanity a chance to develop this new way of thinking and being in the world. In this chapter, I describe my experience of teaching and designing curriculum that integrates contemplative practices with sustainability education in the space of higher education. The course I will be discussing, where nature-based mindfulness activities are offered, is called “MindBody Wellness.” As a part of the course, it is hoped that students will cultivate an expanded vision of the self—one known as the “ecological self”—a term coined in the 1980s. The ecological self is perceived to be a wide, expansive, or field-like sense of self, which ultimately includes all life forms, ecosystems, and the Earth. Preliminary research in the field indicates that cultivating loving-kindness and practicing mindfulness leads to a greater level of nature connectedness and need to care for and protect the natural world. However, my colleagues and I did not find this to be the case and needed to explicitly give students instructions to care for the environment.

This chapter focuses on the physical work environment, in particular, the possibilities and limitations of biophilic design in hotel office space. Biophilic design has already gained attention in directly influencing the guest experience, but little focus has been given to workspace. Traditionally, the hospitality industry places employees' office spaces in parts of the hotel not appropriate as guest space due to lack of daylight and windows. Many studies have shown that improving the workplace with nature-based features can play a role in increasing employee well-being. Data collected from employees with both extensive managerial and back-of-house hotel experience established that employees would welcome the opportunity to work in such an environment and currently find back-of-house design basic and lacking any aesthetically pleasing elements. An understanding of the obstacles in initiating such changes was shown as well as employee initiatives to improve work spaces. This initial exploratory study concludes that the needs of employees in terms of comfort, wellbeing, motivation and work satisfaction are often overlooked when considering back-of-house spaces. There is a general understanding and expectation that management needs to develop awareness and practical initiatives to address the deficits of the physical work environment. Biophilic design can be influential in promoting a calming and restorative environment at the workplace and thus positively impacting employee motivation and performance.

The concept of utilising greenspace to promote and maintain mental health predates the development of almost all current treatment modalities. Although the use of greenspace as a therapeutic tool decreased throughout the 20th century, research in this area has grown exponentially over the last 20 years. This review examines the theory and increasing evidence base behind the psychological, social and physical health benefits of viewing and interacting with greenspace, and considers some of the common methodological limitations within the literature.Those who use secondary and tertiary care mental health services typically experience secondary problems due to reduced levels of social and physical activity. This review argues that the holistic benefits of greenspace make ecotherapy particularly appropriate for such a population. The review recommends that the effects of ecotherapy on those who use secondary and tertiary mental health care services be explored as part of an effort to redress the absence in the literature of quality studies in this area for this population.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between proactive environmental strategies (PES) and economic performance from a resource-based view. The authors determine the nature of this relationship and the processes and conditions that are involved. The mediating role of natural competences is a major focus, particularly the effect of their simultaneous development on economic performance.

The authors use structural equation modeling on a sample of 188 companies from the food-processing and household products industries in France.

The results confirm the positive impact of PES on economic performance. Unlike the natural competences individually, the simultaneous development of these competences mediates the relationship. The results also highlight the influence of conventional competences on economic performance and the impact of organizational and procedural competences on the level of simultaneously developed competences.

The study demonstrates the economic benefits of PES to practitioners. Moreover, it provides them the information on the key role of natural competences and how they can be developed to make PES profitable.

The findings support a “win-win” view of the PES-economic performance relationship, whereas prior studies showed contrasting evidence. The main contribution lies in the consideration of natural competences in this relationship and in their operationalization.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of natural resources accounting in sustainable development. Natural resource accounting is important because the welfare of a nation measured in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) has several weaknesses.

This paper achieves this objective by identifying the present status, the constraints and the challenges for the economics and accounting professions.

The main weakness of GDP as a measure of development is that it does not take into account damages to environmental resources. However, the improvement of the concept to include environmental resource use is made difficult because of the difficulties of measuring environmental damage. The challenge to the economics and accounting profession is to ensure interdisciplinary collaboration, development of a framework to explicitly include the environment, development of credible valuation procedures for the environment, and inclusion of the various ethical positions advanced by various groups on the value of the environment.

Some headway has been made on these issues during the last decade but a major challenge still lies ahead in further improving these approaches so that sustainable development becomes an achievable goal.

This paper brings together diverse views and fusing them together providing a future path for research in environmental accounting to achieve sustainable development.