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An Act to amend the provisions of the National Insurance Acts 1965 to 1970, the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Acts 1965 to 1969 and the Industrial Injuries and Diseases (Old Cases) Acts 1967 and 1969 as to contributions and benefits; to make provision for invalidity benefit for the chronic sick and for a retirement pension and age addition for certain persons over the age of eighty; to make new provision in relation to polygamous marriages for the purposes of any of the said Acts or of the Family Allowances Act 1965; and for purposes connected with those matters. [14th July 1971]

The Equal Pay Act 1970 (which came into operation on 29 December 1975) provides for an “equality clause” to be written into all contracts of employment. S.1(2) (a) of the 1970 Act (which has been amended by the Sex Discrimination Act 1975) provides:

Today, viral marketing is popular as a highly effective marketing strategy with a low cost for mass targeting. This is suitable for the Universal Health Coverage campaign which seeks to attract the whole nation’s population to voluntarily register with social health insurance. It uses the target market itself as a weapon and the marketing content as a bullet. This study aims to determine the exact viral marketing content for the Universal Health Coverage campaign in Indonesia.

Viral marketing content is formulated based on the feelings of the target market toward social health insurance. Qualitative content analysis was conducted to identify the media framing and the audience’s response. Two of the biggest online news websites were analysed to determine the media framing. The audience’s response was identified through a Facebook group discussion.

This study shows that negative media framing makes people question the benefit of participating in social health insurance. Considering the local wisdom of Indonesia, helping poor people through social health insurance would be the best viral marketing content.

Because of the limited number of sources focused on the audience’s responses that have been analysed, the variations in the audience response could not be captured completely. Researchers should also analyse other audience channels (social media and messenger application) besides Facebook.

The paper includes implications for the future marketing agenda of insurance providers in relation to engaging the community.

This study operationally introduced how to use the media channel selected and audience framing in designing an effective viral marketing content in health-care marketing.

(ELIZ. II. 1967, CH.73) An Act to amend the provisions of the National Insurance Act 1965, the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 1965 and the Industrial Injuries and Diseases (Old Cases) Act 1967 as to contributions, benefit and Insurable employments; to provide for the set‐off of certain overpayments; to confer temporary power to increase family allowances by order; and for connected purposes.

Hospital and health system managers are facing several problems following the introduction of Ghana's national health insurance policy. This study aims to investigate the opinions of health managers about the problems emanating from the national health insurance policy for hospital managers in regard to reimbursement, claims management, service delivery and waiting time.

The study involved key informants from 12 National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) accredited district hospitals, which were purposively selected from five regions in Ghana. Data were collected using in‐depth personal interviews with managers of pharmacy, supply/procurement, accounts and insurance scheme units of the hospitals. Data analysis was guided by the major themes that emerged during the interviews. A framework approach to analysis was used, grouping and incorporating themes and sub‐themes that emerged from the interview data.

The major findings identified by interviewees with regards to problems confronting hospital management were: cash flow delays from the health insurance authority; lack of capacity to procure essential drug and non‐drug consumables; and the inability to take initiatives and carry on effective administrative work. Other problems identified by the interviewee included inadequate logistics and human resources, limited space within the hospitals to cope with the increasing number of service users and “moral hazard” on the part of policy holders.

The NHIS has brought many organizational and service management challenges to hospitals. To overcome these challenges, services under the health insurance authority need to be streamlined to remove cash flow bottlenecks. Also, accredited hospitals need to adopt and use new technology, especially computerization and automation of the health insurance service delivery system. This would enable the authority to cope with the huge management problems confronting hospitals and the national insurance scheme. Above all, appropriate fund management systems would have to be established in the hospitals to reduce moral hazards.

The financial crisis that hit countries worldwide in 2007 tested and tried deposit guarantee schemes (DGSs) and their ability to protect consumers’ bank deposits. The crisis also served as a reality check for regulators, institutions and the general public alike. Against this backdrop, there was a significant rationale by governments and regulators to protect consumers and at the same time maintain financial stability through expansion of coverage offered in existing DGS arrangements or setting up such a scheme where this was not already in place.

Consumers need other possible safety net in addition to the already set-up lender-of-last resort facilities provided by central banks, banking supervision regulations, assistance granted by international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and European Central Bank and also the recently enacted EU Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD).

In this chapter the authors evaluated whether the launch of a European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS) as a single deposit guarantee in Europe which is now being recognised as one of the three main pillars, together with the single supervisory and resolution mechanisms, would enhance depositors’ protection in times of banking crisis and also reinforce financial stability in the EU as part of the proposed Banking Union.

The chapter made reference to academic literature and also recent EDIS political dossier to outline the developments. Apart from political insensitivity to the proposed EDIS, the chapter also concluded that the introduction of EDIS raises questions about moral hazard amongst banks in the EU, issues on bank’s contributions during the transition period and difficulty in comparing banks across EU countries through banks’ deposits and risk profiles.

December 11, 1968 National Insurance — Industrial injuries benefit — Disablement benefit — Functions of statutory and medical authorities — Industrial accident — Medical authorities finding injury different from injury found by local insurance officer — Whether estoppel arising — “Decision… shall be final” — National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act, 1965 (c.52), ss.ll(l), 12(1) — National Insurance Act, 1965 (c.51), s.75.

The petty level insurance fraud, apparently committed by ordinary members of the community, is costing insurance companies millions of pounds a year. Those losses are passed on to the consumer. So it is everyone's loss. This problem appears to be prevalent in all Western countries However, it is in the USA where they appear to have both learnt and lost the most. As the problems in the UK are appearing to reach the scale of those which have already been encountered in the USA, law enforcement agencies and the insurance companies can ill afford to ignore the lessons learnt by the Americans. This paper describes the types of insurance frauds and those measures being undertaken to counter them in the USA. In so doing, the author has created a typology of those counter measures being undertaken.

From 1979 to 2023, the takaful structure has been adopted in many jurisdictions, making the documenting of its early days of establishment relatively difficult and somewhat unreliable. This is unlike conventional insurance, where the history and legislation are well documented and archived in various research (Hellwege, 2016; Marano and Siri, 2017). The purpose of this paper is to provide a chronology for the establishment and development of takaful via the takaful establishment in each jurisdiction, documenting its first takaful operator and first takaful regulation.

This paper has used a qualitative method in the form of reviewing literature and available data such as journals, books and official resources. The data is thoroughly analysed in order to build the chronology for takaful. It adopted an exploratory research design, which is deemed suitable in situations where few works of literature have examined the subject (Neuman, 2014). The paper explores the establishment and non-establishment of takaful in 57 countries. The paper categorises the countries into seven regions starting with the GCC, Levant, Asia, Central Asia, Africa, Europe and Others.

The takaful chronology presented in this paper shows that takaful operations exist in 47 jurisdictions, starting from Sudan and the UAE in 1979, with the most recent adopters being Morocco and Iran in December 2021. It is found that 22 jurisdictions do not have takaful regulations, and the Takaful Act 1984, issued in Malaysia, is considered the first takaful regulation that sets the basis for other regulations that follow.

The paper contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive chronology of takaful, especially as the few existing timelines have been found to be incomplete and consist of contradictory information.

The following is an introductory profile of the fastest growing firms over the three-year period of the study listed by corporate reputation ranking order. The business activities in which the firms are engaged are outlined to provide background information for the reader.