Search results

The purpose of this paper is to examine how economic rationalism in policy development affects incomes and social cohesion within the communities in which businesses operate. Inequality of income occurs in most, if not all, countries. Historically, economic statisticians established various means of measuring levels of inequality within a country. Measuring inequality between countries, however, is a complex procedure because of differences in money exchange rates and standards of living. Poverty exists in most countries but it is particularly extreme in the Asia‐Pacific Region and in Africa. Economic rationalistic policies that depend on the supremacy of the market are developed mostly without regard for their impact upon income share, fairness and social justice concerns. Some other economic rationalistic policy outcomes are detrimental to social cohesion within communities.

This paper draws upon earlier research undertaken by the author as well as upon published works of other researchers.

The analysis of this paper indicates that there are great income inequalities not only within nations but also between nations in the Asia‐Pacific Region.

The research is limited by the ability to examine all the research literature in the field in greater depth. However, the examination that has been possible indicates that where economic rationalism has a significant input in policymaking wide disparities in the distribution of incomes become apparent.

This paper provides government and corporate executives with an understanding that the policies they develop could advantage one section of the community over another. This could have a detrimental affect on the social cohesion of the communities they administer or in which their businesses operate.

This paper fulfils an identified need and supports policymakers seeking to achieve just outcomes in the communities in which they operate.

In the current literature, there is little systematic research on the relationship among adjustment of the income distribution, change in economic structure and improvement of macroeconomic efficiency.

This paper expands Marx's reproduction schema into the “Marx–Sraffa” three-department structure table comprising fixed capital, general means of production and means of consumption and employs China's input–output table from 1987 to 2015 to portray the relationship between income distribution and macroeconomic efficiency under investment-driven growth.

This paper calculates the wage–profit curve of China's economy and evaluates the space of macroeconomic efficiency improvement in China based on the deviation between actual and potential income distribution structure.

The results show that there is a downward trend of the profit rate, which meets Marx's theoretical prediction, and the decline in the profit rate is mainly attributed to an increase in the organic composition of capital arising from the rapid growth of fixed capital investment under extended growth. The analysis of macroeconomic efficiency shows that the space for improving macroeconomic efficiency is extremely limited under traditional growth pattern and that China must transform its economic development pattern and foster new economic growth drivers.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between income inequality and economic growth, both in linear and non‐linear specifications.

The paper has employed annual time series data over the period of 1971 up to 2005. Autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) bounds testing approach has been used for cointegration and error correction model for short run behavior. Unit root problem is handled by the use of augmented Dickey‐Fuller unit root test.

The analysis findings are sharply contrasted to the significant association between income inequality and economic growth found in 1994 by Alesina and Roderick and by Persson and Tabellini. The empirical evidence provides support for the existence of Kuznets inverted‐U as well as inverted S‐shaped curve in Pakistan.

This paper opens up new directions for policy‐making authorities to equalize income distribution in the case of a small transition economy like Pakistan.

This paper convincingly argues that there is a need for case‐by‐case study on such a project in view of each country's unique characteristics. This paper makes a unique contribution to the literature with reference to Pakistan, being a pioneering attempt that employs ARDL cointegration approach.

Malaysia is one of the high performing economies (HPE) in Southeast Asia. It had experienced strong growth and development for the period between 1957 and 1995. Socioeconomic planning, structural and trade adjustments, and adoption of pragmatic policies that promoted agriculture as well as the manufacturing sub‐sector resulted in higher productivities, incomes and standards of living. Policymakers were also successful in adopting policies that mitigated poverty and, to a lesser extent, decreased income inequality.

This study aims to analyze tourism development's (TOD) role in demoting income inequality in South Asia from 1996 to 2020. To this end, this study explored the connection between TOD, tourism investment, economic growth (GDP), trade globalization (TGL) and income inequality.

This study used various techniques, including cross-sectional dependence, unit root, cointegration techniques, long-term elasticity estimators and short-term causality between the study variables. This study adopted Driscoll–Kraay standard errors and Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality estimations.

This study’s results reveal that tourism has an inverted U-shaped association with income inequality in the long run, which supports the Kuznets Curve hypothesis. In contrast, capital investment in tourism (CIT) has a significant negative association with income inequality. At the same time, growth and TGL positively and significantly affect income inequality. Moreover, TOD has a bidirectional feedback causality of income inequality. These results also support tourism's “price effect” on income inequality. Hence, this study provides more practical implications regarding policymaking in tourism and income inequality in developing economies to target Agenda 2030.

This study is unique by considering the cross-sectional dependence in estimating the model that has been ignored in previous studies and provides new insights into the existing literature by investigating how TOD and CIT contribute to income inequality concentrating on the understudied South Asian economies from 1996 to 2020. As a result, this study has more practical implications for policymaking in the tourism industry and income inequality in emerging economies.

本研究分析了 1996 年至 2020 年旅游业发展在缓解南亚收入不平等方面的作用。为此, 该研究探讨了旅游业发展、旅游投资、经济增长、贸易全球化和收入不平等之间的联系。

本研究使用了多种技术, 包括横截面相关性 (CSD),单位根、协整技术、长期弹性估计量以及研究变量之间的短期因果关系。本研究采用 Driscoll-Kraay 标准误差和 Dumitrescu Hurlin 面板因果关系估计。

目前的研究结果表明, 从长远来看, 旅游业与收入不平等呈倒U型关联, 这支持了库兹涅茨曲线假说。相比之下, 旅游业的资本投资与收入不平等呈显著负相关。与此同时, 增长和贸易全球化对收入不平等产生了积极和显著的影响。此外, 旅游发展对收入不平等具有双向反馈因果关系。这些结果也支持旅游业对收入不平等的“价格效应”。因此, 本研究为发展中经济体的旅游业和收入不平等政策制定提供了更多实际意义, 以实现 2030 年议程。

本研究的独特之处在于考虑了估计模型的横截面相关性, 这在以前的研究中被忽略。重点关注1996年至2020年未被充分研究的南亚经济体, 通过调查旅游业发展和旅游业的资本投资如何导致收入不平等, 从而为现有文献提供新的见解。因此, 本研究对旅游业的政策制定和新兴经济体的收入不平等具有更实际的意义。

Este estudio analiza el papel del desarrollo turístico en la disminución de la desigualdad de ingresos en el sur de Asia entre 1996 y 2020. Para ello, el estudio explora la conexión entre el desarrollo del turismo, la inversión turística, el crecimiento económico, la globalización del comercio y la desigualdad de ingresos.

Este estudio utilizó diversas técnicas, como la dependencia transversal (DSC), la raíz unitaria, las técnicas de cointegración, los estimadores de la elasticidad a largo plazo y la causalidad a corto plazo entre las variables del estudio. Este estudio adoptó los errores estándar de Driscoll-Kraay y las estimaciones de causalidad de panel de Dumitrescu Hurlin.

Los resultados del presente estudio revelan que el turismo tiene una asociación en forma de U invertida con la desigualdad de ingresos a largo plazo, lo que apoya la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets. En cambio, la inversión de capital en turismo tiene una asociación negativa significativa con la desigualdad de ingresos. Al mismo tiempo, el crecimiento y la globalización del comercio afectan positiva y significativamente a la desigualdad de ingresos. Además, el desarrollo del turismo tiene una causalidad de retroalimentación bidireccional de la desigualdad de ingresos. Estos resultados también apoyan el “efecto precio” del turismo sobre la desigualdad de ingresos. Por lo tanto, este estudio proporciona más implicaciones prácticas con respecto a la formulación de políticas en materia de turismo y desigualdad de ingresos en las economías en desarrollo para apuntar a la Agenda 2030.

El presente estudio es único al considerar la dependencia transversal en la estimación del modelo que ha sido ignorada en estudios anteriores y aporta nuevas perspectivas a la literatura existente al investigar cómo el desarrollo del turismo y la inversión de capital en turismo contribuyen a la desigualdad de ingresos. Este estudio se centra en las economías del sur de Asia que han sido poco estudiadas y se extiende desde 1996 hasta 2020. Como resultado, este trabajo tiene más implicaciones prácticas para la formulación de políticas en la industria turística y la desigualdad de ingresos en las economías emergentes.

Economic cybernetics – a very important branch of cybernetics – has elaborated and founded concepts, models, techniques and methods for the investigation both qualitatively and quantitatively of the laws of optimal balanced and proportional growth of the components of the national economy system. At the same time, economic cybernetics performs the role of a “Dialog” between Microsystems and Macrosystems, thus allowing a better understanding and management of the economic mechanism as a whole. The economic approach of economic phenomena and processes of organising and managing economic systems, of achieving the unity between micro‐ and macro‐economics is an obvious reality, confirmed by the results obtained in economic practice. The application of the methods proper to economic cybernetics, in order to find solutions to problems concerning organisation and management of the economy, the design of economic growth trajectories, the achievement of a permanent dialogue between decision and its component of the management of society, is discussed.

Investigates, in Part 1, the effects of West German stagnation in the 1980s following on from the welfare state doctrine of the 1960s and 1970s, which led to an economic and social crisis becoming inevitable. Shows this is not purely a German problem but one that also affects almost all other capitalist countries – either developed or developing. Expresses irony that the former communist bloc countries should also be engulfed in such crises. Proffers explanations and recommendations to offset the problems in Germany. Part II looks at Israel and how it has begun to emerge from its 1974 austerity programme by Rabin. States that Israel must initiate a new system of stable equilibrium to open a new era that is very possible, but involves economic and social thinking to avoid previous mistakes.

The economic science is again in a crisis and a new solution prolegomena to any future study in economics, finance and other social sciences has just been published by the International Institute of Social Economics in care of the MCB University Press in England. The roots of the major financial and economic problems of our time lie in an open conflict between theory and practice. In the 1930s and before the conflict was between classical theory and given realities. In the 1990s the conflict appears between the now prevailing modern, Keynesian theory and the actual realities. In addition during the twentieth century a great argument developed between the two schools of thought, argument which is not yet settled. In one sentence, the prolegomena tried and was successful to solve the conflict between theory and practice and the big doctrinal dispute of the twentieth century. It was a struggle of research and observation over half a century between 1947 and 1997.

Examines the economy of Southeast Asia during the period 1997 to 1999 against a background of socio‐economic theory and a transition from disequilibrium to general stable and equilibrium conditions. Discusses solutions towards establishing self‐regulating mechanisms needed for a free, just and stable economy and society: reform of officially organized securities commodities and foreign exchange makets; reform of the public budget and budgetary policies; and reform of the foreign exchange system and internaitonal commercial and financial relations.