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This paper aims to review the state of national biosecurity planning. The authors recognised tourist vectoring can increase the risk of invasive alien species (IAS) and disease; representing substantial biosecurity risk for tourism destinations worldwide. This research assesses the provision of biosecurity mitigation measures within national biosecurity plans and guidelines internationally. The author’s position in this issue contends that a lack of sufficient biosecurity risk management and planning in place for tourism could have severe impacts on a destination’s environment, society, and economy.

The authors systematically reviewed national biosecurity planning through a mixed-method research approach. Frist, essential criteria identified from international literature allowed for content analysis to assess specific national biosecurity plans and strategies. Second, qualitative data was then gathered by conducting semi-structured interviews within national governing bodies and organisations.

Planning for tourism biosecurity varies around the world with some destinations demonstrating highly evolved plans such as Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia. However, this is not the case in Ireland where planning for biosecurity at a national level is severely limited. Biosecurity planning, pathway management, communication, quarantine and plans for tourism risk are inadequate to prevent the introduction and spread of IAS and disease in Ireland. Recommendations offer destinations globally and with “island status” an opportunity for biosecurity to be improved by using surveillance, communication, guidelines and specific capacities at the border stages within a specific national biosecurity plan.

This review on the state of national planning for biosecurity provides new knowledge specifically for tourism destinations worldwide, which can adopt the essential elements identified within this research for a national tourism biosecurity risk framework.

本文旨在审查国家生物安全计划的状况。作者认识到, 游客媒介可以增加外来入侵物种（IAS）和疾病的风险。代表了全球旅游目的地的重大生物安全风险。这项研究评估了国际上国家生物安全计划和指南中生物安全缓解措施的提供。作者在此问题上的立场认为, 缺乏足够的生物安全风险管理和旅游业规划可能会对目的地的环境, 社会和经济产生严重影响。

作者通过混合方法研究方法系统地审查了国家生物安全计划。第一, 从国际文献中确定的基本标准允许进行内容分析, 以评估特定的国家生物安全计划和策略。其次, 通过在国家理事机构和组织内进行半结构化访谈来收集定性数据。

在全球范围内, 旅游生物安全的计划各不相同, 有些目的地还展示了高度发展的计划, 例如夏威夷, 新西兰和澳大利亚。但是, 在爱尔兰, 情况并非如此, 因为在爱尔兰国家级的生物安全计划受到严重限制。生物安全计划, 途径管理, 沟通, 隔离以及旅游风险计划不足以防止IAS和疾病在爱尔兰的传入和传播。建议为全球目的地以及具有”岛屿地位”的国家提供了通过在特定国家生物安全计划内的边境阶段利用监视, 沟通, 指南和特定能力来改善生物安全的机会。

这项对国家生物安全计划状态的审查为世界各地的旅游目的地专门提供了新知识, 这些知识可以采用本研究中确定的国家旅游生物安全风险框架的基本要素。

Este documento tiene como objetivo revisar el estado de la planificación nacional de bioseguridad. Los autores reconocieron que la vectorización turística puede aumentar el riesgo de especies exóticas invasoras (EEI) y enfermedades; representa un riesgo sustancial de bioseguridad para los destinos turísticos de todo el mundo. Esta investigación evalúa la provisión de medidas de mitigación de bioseguridad dentro de los planes y directrices nacionales de bioseguridad a nivel internacional. La posición del autor en este tema sostiene que la falta de suficiente gestión y planificación del riesgo de bioseguridad para el turismo podría tener graves impactos en el medio ambiente, la sociedad y la economía de un destino.

Los autores revisaron sistemáticamente la planificación nacional de bioseguridad a través de un enfoque de investigación de métodos mixtos. Los primeros criterios esenciales identificados a partir de la literatura internacional permitieron el análisis de contenido para evaluar planes y estrategias nacionales de bioseguridad específicos. En segundo lugar, los datos cualitativos se recopilaron realizando entrevistas semiestructuradas dentro de los organismos y organizaciones nacionales de gobierno.

La planificación de la bioseguridad turística varía en todo el mundo, y algunos destinos demuestran planes muy evolucionados, como Hawai, Nueva Zelanda y Australia. Sin embargo, este no es el caso en Irlanda, donde la planificación de la bioseguridad a nivel nacional está severamente limitada. La planificación de la bioseguridad, la gestión de vías, la comunicación, la cuarentena y los planes de riesgo turístico son inadecuados para evitar la introducción y propagación de EEI y enfermedades en Irlanda. Las recomendaciones ofrecen a los destinos de todo el mundo y con el “estado de la isla” una oportunidad para mejorar la bioseguridad mediante el uso de vigilancia, comunicación, directrices y capacidades específicas en las etapas fronterizas dentro de un plan nacional de bioseguridad específico.

Esta revisión sobre el estado de la planificación nacional para la bioseguridad proporciona nuevos conocimientos específicamente para destinos turísticos en todo el mundo que pueden adoptar los elementos esenciales identificados dentro de esta investigación para un marco nacional de riesgo de bioseguridad turística.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the case study of the Ministry for Primary Industries’ (MPI) Border Compliance Social Marketing programme. This programme aims to change the behaviour of international visitors to New Zealand. This is to protect New Zealand’s important horticultural and agricultural industries and environment from harmful pests and diseases. The programme encourages travellers to leave potential biosecurity risk items at home, or at least declare them to border staff or dispose of in special amnesty bins at New Zealand’s airports on arrival. It also influences local communities to advocate to friends and family overseas on MPI’s behalf.

Aimed at visitors with the highest identified risk, the programme uses a range of interventions in the pre-travel, in-journey and upon-arrival stages of travel. It is underpinned by social marketing theory and models, qualitative and ethnographic research and an understanding of the passenger journey.

The programme has delivered a significant reduction in the number of passengers being caught with prohibited items and has influenced behaviours in packing bags before travel and declaring items for inspection on arrival in New Zealand.

The programme contributes to the New Zealand biosecurity system, which protects the country’s key horticultural and agricultural industries. For example, the horticultural industry contributes $5.6bn annually to the New Zealand economy. It also protects native flora and fauna, which is a large attraction to overseas visitors, and contributes to the $12.9bn tourism industry.

The major purpose of this research note is to explore some of the potential biosecurity and nosocomial risks associated with international medical tourism.

The note reviews relevant medical tourism and cognate literature.

The note finds that there are substantial risks associated with nosocomial infections and complications as a result of international tourism. Although these are clearly significant at an individual level they also represent significant biosecurity risks to the home country of medical tourists and particularly to medical facilities which they may visit if they have an infection. Medical tourists are therefore identified by the medical community as posing significant risks for the spread of pandemics, as well as further contributing to increased antibiotic resistance. Further systematic research is required to assess risk management strategies including the appropriateness of international and national regulations which currently shows considerable variability.

The development of international medical tourism is demonstrated to have potentially significant negative implications for global public health.

The relevance of the paper lies in its identification of considerable risks associated with international medical tourism which may have considerable economic and personal costs associated with them. Such risks are not usually incorporated into assessments of the economic benefits of medical tourism.

Aims to highlight how food contamination, whether accidental or deliberate, can have far‐reaching impact on individuals, organisations and the food supply chain.

This paper focuses on the use of agents such as foreign animal disease (FAD). The research included a literature review and evaluation to determine the mechanisms currently in place to counter‐act bioterrorism in the food supply chain with particular emphasis on poultry.

Food terrorism, where the contaminant is a FAD, would cause severe economic disruption by direct costs due to the culling of livestock and the compensation paid to growers. It could also lead to consequential loss to the local or national economy, loss of consumer confidence in the food supply chain and loss of political confidence and support following the mass culling of livestock, with some agents having the ability to impact directly on human health.

This paper analyses the current state of preparedness for food terrorism in the food supply chain and is of relevance to a cross‐section of the industry.

Holistic approaches to public health such as “One Health” emphasize the interconnectedness between people, animals, ecosystems, and epidemic risk, and many advocate for this philosophy to be adopted within disaster risk management (DRM). Historically, animal and human diseases have been managed separately from each other, and apart from other hazards considered for DRM. Shifts in DRM, however, may complement a One Health approach. The taxonomy of hazards considered under DRM has expanded to include medical and social crises such as epizootics and terrorism. However, there is a gap in understanding how epidemic risk is integrated into DRM at the community-level. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

TACTIC adopts a participatory case study approach examining preparedness for multiple hazard types (floods, epidemics, earthquakes, and terrorism) at the community-level. This paper reports on findings from the epidemic case study which took as its focus the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the UK because of the diverse human, social, and environmental impacts of this “animal” disease.

Epizootic preparedness tends to focus on biosecurity and phytosanitary measures, and is geared towards agriculture and farming. Greater engagement with public health and behavioural sciences to manage public health impacts of animal disease epidemics, and activities for citizen engagement to improve preparedness are discussed. The impermeability of boundaries (hazard, institutional, disciplinary, etc.) is a key constraint to integrating One Health into DRM.

This work helps to situate the One Health discussion within the community-level DRM context.

Using COVID-19 pandemic as a more immediate empirical reference, this paper aims to understand the biosecurity risks arising from tourist activities and, through a more prospective analysis, to consider the relevance of public health issues in the context of tourism-sustainability nexuses.

The text assumes a hybrid format, incorporating elements resulting from empirical research and essayistic viewpoints. The collection of empirical elements was based on documental research in several sources, such as newspapers, international institutions of an intergovernmental nature and the discussion forum of the travel platform TripAdvisor.

By assuming mobility and large agglomerations of people from different origins, mass tourism has fostered multiple outbreaks of COVID-19 and the rapid global spread of contagion chains. The pandemic clearly exemplified the responsibility of tourism in the dispersion of biotic agents with severe ecological, economic, social and public health repercussions. It is, therefore, urgent to rethink the tourism growth trajectory and more effectively consider the biosecurity risks associated with mobility in discussions on tourism and sustainability. At the same time, tourism must be delineated in terms of the great aims of sustainability, and this transversal purpose to which it contributes should be considered an intrinsic condition of its own sectorial sustainability as an economic activity.

The biosecurity challenges posed by mass tourism are a very topical issue, still little considered in sustainability policies and on which there is a marked deficit in scientific research.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of farmers regarding the on-farm food safety measures in the commercial layer farms in Thailand prior the implementation of the mandatory Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) standard.

The cross-sectional study was conducted through the face-to-face interview with a questionnaire in 143 GAP certified and 59 non-GAP certified farms. The levels of safety and quality measures implemented in farms were evaluated using a self-reported approach. Scoring system was applied to investigate the relationship between level of practices and its determining factors using the correlation test.

The layer hen farmers appeared to have an adequate level of knowledge on safety and quality measures; however, some misconception on recommended practices was still observed. The significant differences (p<0.001) in the regularity of practices adopted in farms were noticed between GAP and non-GAP groups. The GAP farmers have higher level of knowledge, and positive attitudes toward implementation. Only the weak positive relationships were found between all KAP variables which implied that there are other factors influencing the translation of knowledge and favorable attitudes into practices.

None of the on-farm food safety KAP report has been published in Thailand. This study highlights the gaps in the practices and issues needed to be focused by standard promoters for developing the knowledge translation programs aimed at enhancing the standard of layer farming.

This chapter analyzes the link between the digital divide, infrastructure regulation, and disaster planning and relief through a case study of the flood in San Jose, California triggered by the Anderson dam’s overtopping in February 2017 and an examination of communication failures during the 2018 wildfire in Paradise, California. This chapter theorizes that regulatory decisions construct social and disaster vulnerability. Rooted in the Whole Community approach to disaster planning and relief espoused by the United Nations and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, this chapter calls for leadership to end the digital divide. It highlights the imperative of understanding community information needs and argues for linking strategies to close the digital divide with infrastructure and emergency planning. As the Internet’s integration into society increases, the digital divide diminishes access to societal resources including disaster aid, and exacerbates wildfire, flood, pandemic, and other risks. To mitigate climate change, climate-induced disaster, protect access to social services and the economy, and safeguard democracy, it argues for digital inclusion strategies as a centerpiece of community-centered infrastructure regulation and disaster relief.

Globalization has affected science inevitably with a motto of ‘Knowledge conquers the mind’. However, global efforts and harmonization are needed and are established through international rules, laws, norms and standards. The potentially positive and negative results of globalization have altered the production relations and complicated the demographic scale.