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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of nano‐titanium dioxide and nano‐silicon dioxide particles on the mechanical and antimicrobial properties of denture base resin.

Nano‐titanium dioxide and nano‐silicon dioxide particles were introduced to heat‐curing denture base resin to prepare composites. Electronic universal testing machine and friction tester were used to test tensile strength and frictional resistance properties of the samples prepared, respectively; also, film adhesion method was used to test the in vitro antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans.

Addition of nano‐titanium dioxide particles could improve the antimicrobial property of denture base resin, and addition of nano‐silicon dioxide particles could improve the tensile strength and frictional resistance of denture base resin. Mixture of the two nano‐particles, at a certain ratio, could improve the tensile strength, frictional resistance and antimicrobial property of denture base resin to a certain extent.

Nano‐titanium dioxide and nano‐silicon dioxide denture base resin composites were obtained. The mechanical and antimicrobial properties of the composites were improved compared to the raw denture base resin.

Nano‐titanium dioxide and nano‐silicon dioxide denture base resin composites with excellent performance could be obtained. Longer service life, greater hardness and clearness helped improve the patients' quality of life. Limited work with respect to the improved denture base resin was performed, which could form the theme of a future study. The outcomes of the research reported here set a new milestone in the field of denture base resin.

The paper aims to design the optimum formulation of the nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) hydrophilic coating system using the synthetic polypropylene glycol (PPG), which can create the reflection and absorption property.

TiO2 nanoparticles are used as fillers, and PPG has been blended at the proper ratio of 1PPG: 0.2TiO2. The prepared resin has been applied onto the glass substrate at different numbers of glass immersions during the dip-coating fabrication process. One-time glass immersion is labeled as T1 coating, two-time glass immersion is labeled as T2 coating and three-time glass immersion is labeled as T3 coating. All the prepared coating systems were left dry at ambient temperature.

T3 coating showed the lowest reading of WCA value at 40.50°, due to higher surface energy at 61.73 mN/m. The T3 coating also shows the greatest absorbance property among the prepared coating systems among the prepared coating. In terms of reflectance property, the T2 coating system has great reflectance in UV region and near-infrared region, which is 16.47% and 2.77 and 2.73%, respectively. The T2 coating also has great optical transmission about 75.00% at the visible region.

The development of thermal insulation coating by studying the relationship between convection heat and reflectance at different wavelengths of incident light.

The developed coating shows high potential for glass window application.

The application of the hydrophilic coating on light absorption, reflectance and transmission at different wavelengths.

This paper aims to design the nano-titanium dioxide (TiO₂) coating system which has superhydrophilic property, self-cleaning mechanism and antifog property as well as strong adhesion on glass substrate.

Two hydrophilic materials have been used such as TiO₂ nanoparticles as fillers and hydrophilic copolymer, Pluronic F-127 by using simple sol–gel approach. The prepared solution was applied onto glass through dip- and spray-coating techniques and then left for drying at ambient temperature.

The nano-TiO₂ superhydrophilic coating has achieved the water contact angle of 4.9° ± 0.5°. The superhydrophilic coating showed great self-cleaning effect against concentrated syrup and methylene blue where thin layer of water washes the dirt contaminants away. The nano-TiO₂ coating exhibits great antifog performance that maintains high transparency of around 89% when the coated glass is placed above hot-fog vapor for 10 min. The fog droplets were condensed into water film which allowed the transmission of light through the glass. The strong adhesion of coated glass shows no total failure at scratch profile when impacted with scratch load of 500, 800 and 1,200 mN.

Findings will be useful in the development of self-cleaning superhydrophilic coating that is applicable on building glass and photovoltaic panel.

The developed nano-TiO₂ coating is developed by the combination of hydrophilic organic copolymer–inorganic TiO₂ network to achieve great superhydrophilic property, optimum self-cleaning ability and supreme antifog performance.

The findings will be useful for residents in building glass window where the application will reduce dust accumulation and keep the glass clean for longer period.

The synthesis of nano-TiO₂ superhydrophilic coating which can be sprayed on large glass panel and cured at ambient temperature.

The purpose of this paper is to implement coating system by varying the amount of nano-sized titanium dioxide, (nano-TiO₂) combined with various organic binders and to study the coating effects on the performance of solar cell in terms of temperature and efficiency.

Nano-TiO₂ coatings are developed in two types of binder networks; the combination of methyltrimethoxy silane (MTMS) and nitric acid and the combination of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and MTMS. Overall, the formulations method was cost-effective, produces good transparency, clear and managed to dry at room temperature. The coating mixtures were applied onto the glass substrate by using the dip-coating method and the coated substrate were sent for several characterizations.

This study demonstrated that TiO₂ nanoparticle coating in APTES/MTMS matrix showed a thermal-decreasing result on solar cells, where the cell temperature is reduced to 46.81°C (T₂ coating type) from 55.74°C (without coating) after 1-h exposure under 1,000 W/m² irradiance in a solar simulator. Contrary to prior works where solar cell coatings were reported to reduce the cell temperature at the expense of the cell efficiency, the results from this study reported an improved fill factor (FF) of solar cells. From the photovoltaic (PV) characteristics study, the FF for solar cells is increased by approximately 0.2, i.e. 33.3 per cent, for all coatings compared to the non-coated cell.

Findings will be able to contribute in the development of temperature-reducing and efficiency-enhancing coating for PV panels.

A simple dip-coating method provides an even distribution of TiO₂ nanoparticle coating on the glass panel, which is cost-effective and time-efficient to reduce the temperature of solar cell while maintaining its efficiency.

The ability of nano-TiO₂ coatings with a simple fabrication method and the right solution to reduce the surface temperature of solar cells while improving the FF of the cells.

In this study, self-cleaning properties are introduced to acrylic carpet through a simple method of spraying nano titanium dioxide (NTO) onto the carpet surface. A cross-linkable polysiloxane (PS) softener is also applied to enhance the washing durability, self-cleaning properties and handle softness. The self-cleaning properties of the acrylic carpet are investigated by using Solophenyl Red GBL as a synthetic dye and black mulberry as a natural dye to stain the carpet. The PS and NTO concentrations and the type of ultra violet (UV) irradiation are designed based on the statistical approach of a central composite design (CCD). UV irradiation is used under the form of daylight for 16 h, UV-A (400 W) for 1 h and UV-C (20 W) for 3 h. The photocatalytic decolorization values (ΔE*) of the treated carpet are measured and the optimized models are presented. The PS is capable of stabilizing the NTO particles on the surface of the acrylic carpet and helps to increase the washing durability. Also, the NTO particles can effectively photodegrade both the Solophenyl Red GBL and black mulberry dyes which act as the two coloring stains.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the simple synthesis process of thermal-insulation coating by using three different nanoparticles, namely, nano-zinc oxide (ZnO), nano-tin dioxide (SnO₂) and nano-titanium dioxide (TiO₂), which can reduce the temperature of solar cells.

The thermal-insulation coating is designed using sol-gel process. The aminopropyltriethoxysilane/methyltrimethoxysilane binder system improves the cross-linking between the hydroxyl groups, -OH of nanoparticles. The isopropyl alcohol is used as a solvent medium. The fabrication method is a dip-coating method.

The prepared S1B1 coating (20 Wt.% of SnO₂) exhibits high transparency and great thermal insulation property where the surface temperature of solar cells has been reduced by 13°C under 1,000 W/m² irradiation after 1 h. Meanwhile, the Z1B2 coating (20 Wt.% of ZnO) reduced the temperature of solar cells by 7°C. On the other hand, the embedded nanoparticles have improved the fill factor of solar cells by 0.2 or 33.33%.

Findings provide a significant method for the development of thermal-insulation coating by a simple synthesis process and low-cost materials.

The thermal-insulation coating is proposed to prevent exterior heat energy to the inside solar panel glass. At the same time, it can prevent excessive heating on the solar cell’s surface, later improves the efficiency of solar cell.

This study presents a the novel method to develop and compare the thermal-insulation coating by using various nanoparticles, namely, nano-TiO₂, nano-SnO₂ and nano-ZnO at different weight percentage.

Cleanrooms are highly controlled enclosed rooms where air quality is monitored and ensured to have less contamination according to standard cleanliness level. Air filters are used to optimize indoor air quality and remove air pollutants. Filter media and filtering system are decided as per requirement. Depth filter media are mostly used in cleanroom filtrations. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of the evolution of cleanroom filter media. It evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of air filter media. It is also studied which air filters have additional properties such as anti-microbial properties, anti-odour properties and chemical absorbent. Development and innovation of air filters and filtration techniques are necessary to improve the performance via the synergistic effect and it can be a possible avenue of future research.

This paper aims to drive the future of air filter research and development in achieving high-performance filtration with high filtration efficiency, low operational cost and high durability. Air pollutants are classified into three types: suspended particles, volatile organic pollutants and microorganisms. Technologies involved in purification are filtration, water washing purification, electrostatic precipitation and anion technology. They purify the air by running it through a filter medium that traps dust, hair, pet fur and debris. As air passes through the filter media, they function as a sieve, capturing particles. The fibres in the filter medium provide a winding path for airflow. There are different types of air filters such as the high-efficiency particulate air filter, fibreglass air filter and ultra-low particulate air filter.

Emerging filtration technologies and filters such as nanofibres, filters with polytetrafluoroethylene membrane are likely to become prevalent over the coming years globally. The introduction of indoor air filtration with thermal comfort can be a possible avenue of future research along with expanding indoor environment monitoring and improving air quality predictions. New air filters and filtration technologies having better performance with low cost and high durability must be developed which can restrict multiple types of pollutants at the same time.

The systematic literature review approach used in this paper highlights the emerging trends and issues in cleanroom filtration in a structured and thematic manner, enabling future work to progress as it will continue to develop and evolve.

Globalization has increased the consumer's demand for safe and quality foods. To make food available to consumers from farm to fork, packaging plays a crucial role. The objective of packaging is to shield the foodstuff from degrading and to serve as the medium of communication between the processing industry and the consumers. Conventionally, several materials are used in the packaging such as laminates, plastics, glass, metal, etc., but with the advent of technology, newer and novel smart packaging technologies have entered this field. Smart packaging in the form of active and intelligent packaging not only acts as a barrier to external influences but also prevents internal deterioration. Oxygen scavengers, moisture controllers, antioxidants, CO₂ absorber/emitter, antimicrobial agents, etc., are some of the vital active packaging systems. On the other hand, an intelligent packaging system contains internal or external indicators and sensors that monitor the condition of packed food and gives information about its quality during storage and transportation. It seems that these interventions in packaging have very positive effects on the whole industry, but it is observed that this advancement in the packaging has also raised questions about its disposal. To overcome this issue, industries have started using smart packaging design along with the sustainable packaging trend. Communication with the recycling bodies at the time of development will ensure the smart packaging fit to be recycled. Considering such standards for smart packaging will not only create a healthy bond between industries and consumers but will also help in sustainable development. This chapter mainly focuses on the advancement of the packaging system associated with the agri-food sector. It also discusses how the implementation of these technological advancements will help the industries toward sustainable development.

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of nano alumina (Al₂O₃) on the properties of fresh concrete, hardened concrete and microstructure of concrete incorporated with high range water reducer (HRWR). This initiative was taken to improve characteristic properties of concrete using nano alumina because nano alumina can be easily be manufactured from a scrap of industrial aluminum products, so its incorporation in concrete will not only reduce industrial aluminum waste but will also change the morphology of concrete at the microstructural level.

To accomplish the objectives of the research, four different concrete mixes with the constant water–cement ratio (W/C) and superplasticizer (SP) content 0.4 and 0.6% by weight of cement, respectively, were prepared, whereas nano alumina content was altered by 0.3% and 0.4% by weight of cement. Fresh property of concrete was analyzed by using slump cone test, whereas hardened properties of concrete were analyzed through compression test and flexural strength test. The interaction of nano alumina with concrete composite was evaluated using an X-ray diffraction test.

It was observed that 0.6% superplasticizer by weight of cement increased workability by 22% but with the addition of 0.3%, nano alumina by weight of cement workability decreased by 31%. Compressive strength increased by 4.88% with the addition of 0.6% superplasticizer but with the addition of 0.3% nano alumina by weight of cement compressive strength increased by 18.60%. Also, flexural strength increased by 1.21% with the addition of 0.6% superplasticizer by weight of cement but with the addition of 0.3% nano alumina by weight of cement flexural strength increased by 8.76%. With the addition of superplasticizer, alite and belite phases remained un-hydrated but with the addition of nano alumina alite phase was hydrated while belite phase was un-hydrated. The size of belite crystals in mixes having nano alumina was less than that of mix having 0.6% superplasticizer. Also with the addition of nano alumina, a calcium aluminum silicate phase was formed which was responsible for the increment of strength in mixes having nano alumina.

Incorporation nano alumina (Al₂O₃) in concrete will not only reduce industrial aluminum waste but will also reduce CO₂ emission. Nano alumina (Al₂O₃) also changes morphology of concrete at micro structural level.

This paper aims to determine the optimum parametric settings for yielding superior mechanical properties, namely, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and percentage elongation (EL) of AZ91D/AgNPs/TiO₂ hybrid composite fabricated by friction stir processing.

An empirical model has been developed to govern crucial influencing parameters, namely, rotation speed (RS), tool transverse speed (TS), number of passes (NPS) and reinforcement fraction (RF) or weight percentage. Box Behnken design (BBD) with four input parameters and three levels of each parameter was used to design the experimental work, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check the acceptability of the developed model. Desirability function analysis (DFA) for a multiresponse optimization approach is integrated with response surface methodology (RSM). The individual desirability index (IDI) was calculated for each response, and a composite desirability index (CDI) was obtained. The optimal parametric settings were determined based on maximum CDI values. A confirmation test is also performed to compare the actual and predicted values of responses.

The relationship between input parameters and output responses (UTS, YS, and EL) was investigated using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO₂) enhanced the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength. It was observed that the inclusion of AgNPs led to an increase in ductility, while the increase in the weight fraction of TiO₂ resulted in a decrease in ductility.

AZ91D/AgNPs/TiO₂ hybrid composite finds enormous applications in biomedical implants, aerospace, sports and aerospace industries, especially where lightweight materials with high strength are critical.

In terms of optimum value through desirability, the experimental trials yield the following results: maximum value of UTS (318.369 MPa), maximum value of YS (200.120 MPa) and EL (7.610) at 1,021 rpm of RS, 70 mm/min of TS, 4 NPS and level 3 of RF.