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The purpose of this paper is to test social exchange in the presence of perception about organizational support theory.

Data have been collected through a questionnaire survey at a primary level and were analyzed primarily by smartPLS.

Results show that all relationships among study variables are highly responsive to the perception about organizational support. Nonmonetary rewards create reciprocity of employee performance (EP), but their magnitudes get affected where practioners need to pay specific attention on employee perception about organizational discretionary arrangements.

The sample size for this study was taken only 10 percent from the top ten banking organizations and these organizations were selected from three big cities only including two provincial capitals. Purposive/judgmental sampling technique is being used for the data collection purpose. As moving out from these cities earning opportunities, langue and behaviors are different; so, the results cannot be generalized to the entire country and other industries.

All managers who are intended and assigned for the increase in overall firms’ performances can achieve their targets and goals by focusing on decision-making participation (DMP) through job satisfaction. Further to this, in order to increase the strength of exchange relationship where firms can introduce DMP to increase employees’ performance, perception about organizational support (if it is to be focused) to its workers well-being can yield and induce employees to perform more.

This study ensures researchers not to forget to check the impact of perceived organizational support during a discussion on social exchange and more specifically nonmonetary part of the exchange. This study suggests the way to increase employee outcomes is by focusing on the employee perception about the organizational care about them and involving them in DMP which does not involve any monetary benefits and ultimately managers and organizations can concentrate on these points to have the overall increase in EP, while keeping themselves in limited or available budgets/resources.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the antecedents of psychological empowerment among bank managers in Beijing, China. Specifically, it aims at investigating the impact of transformational leadership, organization structure and job characteristics on psychological empowerment among banking professionals.

Questionnaires were distributed to bank managers in Beijing which were randomly selected through the cluster sampling technique. PLS-SEM was used for analysis to testify the hypotheses.

Statistical results showed; transformational leadership, organization structure and job characteristics were directly and positively related to psychological empowerment.

The proposed model is essential in providing guideline for the development of employees. These recommendations can be adopted by the organizational trainers and human resource personnel for the betterment of their organization.

This study aims to inculcate personality traits in theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and analyze mediation of perceived behavior control (PBC) and attitude toward entrepreneurship.

Data were collected with the help of a structured questionnaire from students at four universities located in capital city of Pakistan. SmartPLS has been used to run structural equation modeling technique.

Findings of PLS analysis revealed that the relationship between entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and personality traits was mediated by PBC and attitude toward entrepreneurship.

This study contributes toward the understanding of EI of students in Pakistan – a developing economy. More specifically, it sheds light on the vitality of personality traits in determining the antecedents of EI. Leaning on TPB and intention models, the study incorporated personality traits to unveil a unique and testable multidimensional model of EI, which supports the notion that external factors such as personality characteristics can indirectly affect EI. This research also supports the incorporation of personality traits in TPB and suggests that these socio cognitive theories should concede the indirect effect of personality on intention and behavior.