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The focus of this perspective paper is to provide new directions in the ontology of thinking about outcome variables by observational analysis of past and linking it to the present research.

This perspective paper follow a critical review approach that is reflective and speculative in its orientation.

Outcome variables are assumed to serve as the dependent variables which are observed and measured by changing independent variables. It is argued that there would certainly be more and innovative concerted efforts in the future that would focus on non-conventional measures as outcome variables. These efforts would help researchers better understand the contribution of tourism activities to well-being of stakeholders. By doing so, success in tourism can be ensured.

Proposing, in addition to conventional outcome variables, new/possible outcome variables to enrich research.

The purpose of this study is to develop and test an integrated structural gastro-tourism wellbeing model consisting of food-related lifestyle and leisure attitude as a precursor of the consumption enjoyment of the gastro-tourism experience with satisfaction, life domain outcomes, tourism autobiographical memory and life satisfaction as outcomes of the consumption enjoyment.

The conceptual model was assessed with quantitative data collected from tourists based on their deliberate and incidental gastro-tourism experiences (N = 617).

The findings indicated that the enjoyment of gastro-tourism consumption experience significantly influences satisfaction, life domain outcomes, life satisfaction and tourism autobiographical memory. Life domain outcomes and tourism autobiographical memory have enduring influence on life satisfaction over time. Food-related lifestyle and leisure attitude are salient determinants of gastro-tourism wellbeing with their significant influence on consumption experience. Satisfaction with consumption experiences contributes to life satisfaction regardless of the experience type (deliberate versus incidental).

This research extends our knowledge of tourism consumption experience in the domain of gastro-tourism as well as quality of life or wellbeing.

This research has offered an integrated framework to measure the interplays of salient and enduring determinants of gastro-tourism wellbeing. Future studies will benefit from this research as a baseline model linking consumption experience and life satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to examine hotel industry employees’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the influence of these perceptions on their quality of working life (QWL), job satisfaction and overall quality of life. By applying need satisfaction theory and bottom–up spillover theory, the study hypothesizes that employees’ overall quality of life is affected by QWL and job satisfaction. CSR serves as an antecedent to the hypothesis.

The target population for this study consisted of hotel industry employees working for companies in which CSR practices are conducted. The data collection method involved distributing a survey questionnaire. Using a sample drawn from employees in upscale hotels in South Korea, 442 usable responses were analyzed using a SEM approach.

The results revealed that philanthropic and economic CSR positively affected QWL, while legal and ethical CSR did not affect QWL. The study also confirms the need satisfaction theory, which suggests that employees’ QWL and job satisfaction affect their overall quality of life.

Despite the importance of CSR perception, most of the previous studies in this area have examined company and customer perspectives, while only limited research has examined employees’ CSR perceptions. The results of this research enrich knowledge of the outcome of CSR from the employee perspective. Information about employees’ perceptions of CSR activities is valuable for hotel management as it is the employees who turn CSR statements to actions.

Following the increasing trend of artificial intelligence (AI) research in hospitality literature, this critical reflection paper aims to identify AI-assisted mindfulness as a critical yet under-investigated issue and to contribute feasible directions for future research.

The authors first conceptualize a framework explaining the effects of mindfulness design in AI interventions on improving human mindfulness. The authors then identify opportunities for interventions in AI-assisted mindfulness for the tourism, hospitality and events industries. Finally, the authors propose potential themes for AI-assisted mindfulness research.

This study contributes three major conceptual works. First, we conceptualize a framework of AI-assisted mindfulness, showcasing that the scope of AI-assisted mindfulness spans from AI interventions to state mindfulness and then to trait mindfulness. Second, the authors offer two approaches to strategic thinking, one from mindfulness (i.e. mindfulness-focused niche markets and activities) and one from AI applications (i.e. AI-facilitated devices and platforms), to identify opportunities for AI-assisted mindfulness interventions. Third, for both management- and marketing-oriented AI-assisted mindfulness research, the authors propose 18 themes.

This critical reflection paper offers directions for future knowledge creation in AI-assisted mindfulness in the tourism, hospitality and events industries.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this critical reflection paper serves as the first in hospitality and tourism literature to systematically propose the research issue of AI-assisted mindfulness, offering directions and themes for future research.

The all-inclusive system comprises a large share of supply and demand in the worldwide tourism market. All-inclusive system investments occupy a large place in the Mediterranean coastline, especially in Turkey. The risk that may arise for hotels operating with the all-inclusive system will affect the whole market in terms of supply and demand. The aim of this study is to determine the perceptions of the managers regarding the changes that may occur in demand and supply in the all-inclusive system after the COVID-19 pandemic and their consequences without disturbing the cost balance in an all-inclusive system.

The research was conducted by using an online interview method with a semi-structured interview form that includes questions on the effects of COVID-19 on all-inclusive systems. Obtained data were analyzed by using content analysis methods.

The findings suggest that COVID-19 directly or indirectly influences visitor expectations and behavior, use of physical space and services provided in all-inclusive system within the technology, hygiene and cost cycle. Because of the effect of COVID-19, there have been important alterations in the use of physical space and service contents. Related changes brought about the pressure to reduce costs. Ensuring the managerial balance for these costs, which cannot be subsidized with direct prices, will provide priority with regard to both competitive advantages and managing the risk perception.

There are limited studies on all-inclusive systems and operations. Additionally, there is a lack of studies based on managers’ perceptions of the future of all-inclusive. This study contributes toward a better understanding of perceptions about the future of high-demand all-inclusive systems within the effect of COVID-19 through the eyes of hotel managers. This study differs from existing literature by attempting to determine new ways to enrich service contents for risk management without changing cost structure and revealing strategies for effective sustainability of all-inclusive systems.

全包式系统在全球旅游市场的供需中占有很大份额。全包式系统投资在地中海海岸线, 尤其是在土耳其占据很大的位置。以全包制运营的酒店可能出现的风险将影响整个旅游市场的供求关系。本研究的目的是确定管理人员对 COVID-19 大流行后全包系统的供需变化, 以及在不干扰全包系统中的成本平衡的前提下对其后果的看法。

该研究是通过使用在线访谈方法和半结构化访谈形式进行的, 其中包括关于 COVID-19 对全包系统的影响的问题。使用内容分析方法对获得的数据进行分析。

结果显示了 COVID-19 对游客期望和行为、全包式系统设施中物理空间的使用以及全包式系统提供的在技术、卫生和成本周期内预测的在全包系统设施中提供的服务内容。由于 COVID-19 的影响, 物理空间的使用和服务内容发生了重要变化。相关变化带来了降低成本的压力。确保这些成本无法通过直接价格补贴的管理平衡会为竞争优势和管理风险认知提供优先权。

目前对全包系统和运营的研究比较有限。此外, 已有文献缺乏基于管理者角度对全包式未来的看法的研究。本研究通过酒店经理的视角能更好地理解在 COVID-19 影响下对高需求全包系统的未来的看法。本研究与现有文献的不同之处在于, 试图确定在不改变成本结构的情况下丰富风险管理服务内容的新方法, 并揭示全包系统有效可持续性的策略。

COVID-19, 全包系统, 技术, 卫生, 成本

文章类型： 研究型论文

The purpose of this study is to explore the moderating effects of gender and income on the relationship between leadership style and quality of work life (QWL). This study provides meaningful implications for the hospitality industry in terms of gender and income between leadership and QWL.

Data are collected from five-star hotel employees (n = 443) in Turkey. The hypotheses are tested using hierarchical linear regression. The independent and dependent variables used to test the hypotheses involving the dependent variable of QWL are centered prior to the empirical analysis to avoid potential multicollinearity.

Transformational and transactional leadership styles were significant predictors of QWL, controlling for the demographic variables (i.e. age, employment statistics and education level), but gender and income were not significant antecedents of QWL. When it comes to the interaction effect of leadership styles and gender, gender showed a statistically significant moderating effect between transformational leadership and QWL, but not between transactional leadership and QWL. Income had a statistically significant moderating effect between both leadership styles and QWL.

The findings of the study potentially affect hotel management by identifying the moderating effect of gender and income of the employees and demonstrating how quality of life of the employees can be improved by leadership styles of managers.

Previous literature has addressed the issue of leadership and its outcomes. However, there has been limited research on examining the relationship among gender, income, leadership style and QWL in the case of hospitality management.

Using the context of a farm holiday venue, the purpose of this study is to empirically test whether textual references can have significant influences on potential consumers' affective responses and interest in advertisements.

In a between-subjects experiment, a reference to sunshine (the underlined phrase in the following narrative) was inserted into a Facebook advertisement for a farm holiday venue: “Relax and Rejuvenate for a couple of days on our farm. Great food, fun, and sunshine … See More”.

Results indicate that a reference to sunshine significantly improves consumers' affective responses to the advertisement and significantly increases their interest (propensity to click “see more”). This study also examines the potential influence of a textual reference to fresh air as well as fresh air in combination with sunshine. No statistically significant results are found with the fresh air reference.

While a number of studies have examined text-based sensory details in marketing stimuli (Magnini and Gaskins, 2010; Torto, 2016), the notion of inserting textual references to fresh air and/or sunshine in advertising has not been empirically examined in the body of the existing literature.

The study has three objectives. The first objective of this paper is to investigate the underlying dimensions of motivation for attending an international festival in Turkey and whether motivation will vary across six different festival products (symphony, rock, world music, dance, ballet, and theater). The second purpose is to understand how festival attendees perceive the socio‐economic impacts of the festival and how these perceived impacts vary across different festival attendee groups. Finally, the study examines the overall satisfaction of festival attendees with respect to different festival products.

The empirical data was collected by way of self‐administered questionnaires to obtain perceptions and motivations of 523 attendees in Eskisehir International Festival.

The results showed that there were significant differences in motivation among attendees from six different festival products. Duncan's multiple‐range tests were performed to further examine differences in motivation among these attendees. The mean scores of different groups indicate that “rock event” attendees tended to have lower motivation scores than other groups and have the lowest ratings on the factor of “family togetherness”. However, attendees did not differ on the perceived importance of socio‐economic impacts and satisfaction with the festival, irrespective of the festival product attended.

Festivals and special events have increased worldwide because they provide significant economic, socio‐cultural, and political impacts on destinations. While a plethora of studies have examined tourists' motivation and socio‐economic impacts, little research has been conducted on the motivation and socio‐economic impact of festival attendees with regard to different product offerings.

The main purpose of this study is to draw implications about simultaneous consideration of demographics, preferences and attitudes in understanding travel behavior decision criteria.

Convenience sampling was used to collect data. In 2006 university students in Turkey collected data from visitors at hotels. From distribution of 1,067 questionnaires, 906 usable questionnaires were collected. Data used are for Turkish (local), European and Asian tourists.

One expects Turkish tourists, European tourists, and Asian tourists in Turkey will differ in demographics, preferences and attitudes. Oblique factors are determined to reduce the dimensions for attitudes. ANOVA and chi‐square show variable specific differences between groups. However, considering multiple variables results in showing multiple variables are important in understanding behavior.

The research demonstrates the importance of joint consideration of demographics, preference and attitudes. This research does not apply to a particular population since convenience sampling was used.

Understanding the complexity of the relationship between decision making and its possible determinants shows the value of having demographic, preference and attitude information.

The research involves analysis across origin countries or regions, and focuses on one type of variable (e.g. attitude). This research uses univariate and multivariate results to show the importance of having and using multivariate data.

With the end of the Cultural Revolution and the rise of Deng Xiaoping, China began a new era of economic and political reform. In 1978 the open door policy was initiated. In October of 1984, Deng Xiaoping set in motion an ambitious program of financial and industrial reform aimed at eventually restructuring China's economy into a vaguely defined market system. This “second revolution” has run into difficulties because the Chinese officials lacked experience controlling a supply and demand economy and because of the opposition from conservative factions within the Chinese bureaucracy.