Search results

The aim of the present paper is to consider the effect of the current approach to valuations for mortgage on the level of house prices during the housing bubble of 2000-2008 which has been a major contributor to the following recession followed previous smaller bubbles in 1972 and 1990. Despite a warning from the International Monetary Fund in 2004 that prices were too high and home buyers should “exercise particular caution”, no fundamental research appears to have been done into the contribution to this of those responsible for valuation for mortgage.

Data from the Nationwide Quarterly Index were used as a basis and compared with the writer’s professional experience in carrying out valuations for mortgage.

Instructions to valuers advising on the properties offered as security for a mortgage loan have requested only a valuation based on the market as it existed at the time of the valuation without regard to the possibility that a change in economic circumstances could cause a fall in the value of the security. Many mortgagors have found on sale or repossession that their liability to repay their mortgage is greater than the value of the property.

Valuations for mortgage should include an indication of the possible risks involved, including the results of changes in the global economic environment.

Seeks to tackle in the broadest possible terms the legal and practical aspects of fraud and negligence claims in relation to residential mortgage valuations and surveys carried out by the surveying profession. Includes underwriting, lenders claims, defective property and valuation for mortgage purposes. cites case law regarding the difference between open market value and mortgage calculation. Concludes that the valuation for mortgage purposes may lead to an entirely different conclusion from open market value.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the property valuation methods that are applied in Poland. It shows that they base on international standards and are a reliable source of information for international investors and banks.

The valuation methods are described and critically assessed, potential problems are pointed out. The analysis of lending risk is analysed on data about non-performing loans (NPL).

Polish valuation methods are in line with international methods, but there are some risks, like small number of transactions, subjective behaviour of valuers. The low NPL ratios indicate that the valuation works correctly.

The Polish valuation methods are trustworthy, non-performing mortgage ratios are low, however, banks and investors should ask whether there is a local zoning plan. Moreover, they should look critically at the comparables that were used during the valuation process, if in their opinion the valuation is overly low or high.

This paper focusses on valuation from a financial stability perspective. It uses Polish literature and data on NPLs to give an insight on valuation of property and mortgage risk in Poland. Besides the review of the methods it points out the problems related to valuation uncertainty, such as the risk of subjective behaviour of valuers and the low number of transactions in some regions, which are used for valuations.

The purpose of this paper is to critically review the German mortgage lending value (MLV) and to adapt it in order to find a new concept that could serve as the basis for an internationally accepted standard for valuations for lending purposes.

The research is based on a critical review of existing practices and literature and applies developments in the area of risk management tools, modern valuation techniques as well as the results of the consultation for Basel II in order to find an improved method.

It was found that a value‐at‐risk approach and the implementation of simulation helps to understand the concept of MLV. The results also indicate that the German system of calculating the MLV has to be improved.

Banks are in need of tools, reliable instruments and a strong theoretical basis when evaluating their collateral. The valuation of real estate for long‐term loans has always been a problem. This paper indicates a strong basis for the implementation of tools in every day business.

Value‐at‐risk concepts and the concepts of maximum/maximum potential loss within a (future) time period have until today not been integrated in the valuation of real estate serving as collateral.

Aims to give practical advice on some of the questions raised by the Mortgage Valuation Guidance Notes. Looks at key clauses in the Guidance Notes and links them to recent case law. Notes that they have established standards and parameters for the work which the courts are accepting and it is therefore crucial that valuers are fully aware of their content. Concludes that the profession should be examining a possible scientific and logical basis for residential valuation which will allow for a greater feeling of confidence about how the figures have been calculated.

Considering the changing dimensions of client influence in the emerging sub-market in Nigeria, different from previous general insinuations, this article examines the new strategies adopted by clients to influence estate surveyors and valuers (ESVs), factors that predispose ESVs to client influence and the effects of clients' influence on valuation outcomes and real estate markets in emerging sub-market, using Ibadan market as the study area.

The paper is situated within a client influence assessment framework, modified to reflect contextual incidents. Contextualization was made possible with the involvement of both practitioners and academic researchers. Validated copies of the questionnaire were administered to the registered practicing ESVs in an intact group during their monthly state (provincial) meeting and through direct delivery at their firms. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Contrary to the previous studies, the authors found no significant relationship between ESV professional qualifications, the firm's staff strength and the frequency of clients' influence in valuation assignments. Hiding important information and clauses, begging, lobbying, and seeking undue favor and promises for future jobs or appointments are the influencing strategies clients employ to pressure valuer. The topmost factors are emerging sub-market and economic-induced factors, lack of due process, and adequate transparency on the parts of firms and Valuers. It was established that the new dimension of client influence leads to the mortgage valuation accuracy dilemma, discredit of professional confidence, default and financial distress, and generating mistrust in the property market.

The implication is the new dimension of client influence, different from the previous studies, thus calling for professional and policy attention. As real estate investment and transactions transcend globally, understanding the local sub-market condition is imperative.

The novelty of the paper is the exposition on the dimensions of client influence within the economy and the implication for the professional body regulatory policy.

Writing in 1965 the building society historian E.J. Cleary drew attention to the cyclical nature of crises within the mortgage business and predicted that the next crises would occur in the 1980's. It may be argued that a crisis occurred which was aggravated rather than addressed by the Building Society Act of 1986. This crisis is in the statutory provision for the valuation of property offered as security against a mortgage loan. Cleary demonstrated how these were introduced in response to fraud on lending institutions and the primary purpose of these measures was to protect the building society investor against misrepresentation of values, often made by directors and staff of the societies, or with their collusion. Due to subsequent legal and commercial developments the valuer's duty of care has been extended, culminating in recent High Court decisions which confirm that a valuer may owe a duty of care to both lender and borrower. These decisions may suggest a legal trend towards stricter liability together with the redristribution of risk among participants in the mortgage transaction. Whilst the crisis has affected independent valuation firms employed by the mortgage lenders and now affects lenders more directly due to their increasing employment of staff valuers, these market participants may be unable to offer a satisfactory remedy themselves. It may be argued that the response of the lending institutions and the valuation profession to these developments has further obscured the original purpose of obtaining a mortgage valuation and that this purpose must be redefined by legislation.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate client influence on mortgage valuation in Nigeria to establish and rank the means of influence clients employ, and the impact of firm characteristics on client influence.

A combination of cross-sectional survey and focus groups research designs was adopted. Questionnaire structured on five-point Likert format was used to collect data from a sample of valuation firms in five Nigerian cities. Descriptive statistics, χ2, and moderated hierarchical linear model were used for data analysis.

Clients’ means of influence on valuation are more of subtle approach than threat or coercion. The most prevalent means are respectively, plea for assistance, promise of continued retainership on banks’ valuer panels, and disclosing the loan amount. Client influence differs across cities; firm characteristics have no influence on client pressure.

The research provides basis for valuation bodies to review practice rules and standards and seek for legislation for valuer independence. It can serve as material for teaching and training in professional ethics.

Biased valuations jeopardises credit risk mitigation process with potential for destabilising banks, finance sector, and consequences for the economy.

The study provides empirical evidence of the nature of client influence across several major Nigerian cities. In contrast to existing Nigerian studies that focus on single cities, the study covers several cities. It therefore provides a broad basis for problem-solving and decision-making.

Reviews the various types of fraud in which a building society mortgage valuer may become involved. Considers the possible conflicts of interest which could lead to fraudulent practices. Recommendations are made for improving the consistency and accuracy of building society mortgage valuations together with suggestions for ensuring that the valuer is truly independent.

Takes a practical look at what is expected of a mortgage valuation and the main problem areas when it comes to claims. Discusses the difference between valuation and survey. Concludes that if a surveyor (valuer) misses a defect because its signs are hidden that is a risk that his client must accept.