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The aim of this paper is to investigate microwave Ku band absorbance, complex permittivity, and permeability of SrFe12O19 thick films by a simple and novel waveguide technique.
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to investigate microwave Ku band absorbance, complex permittivity, and permeability of SrFe12O19 thick films by a simple and novel waveguide technique.
Design/methodology/approach
The glass frit free or fritless strontium hexaferrite thick films were formulated on alumina by screen printing technique from the powder synthesized by chemical co precipitation method for pH 11 adjusted during the reaction. The 13‐18 GHz frequency band microwave absorbance of the SrFe12O19 thick films by a simple waveguide method. The complex permittivity and permeability of strontium hexaferrite thick films was measured by voltage standing wave ratio technique.
Findings
SrFe12O19 thick films show high ∼80 percent absorbance in the whole 13‐18 GHz frequency band. The thickness dependant microwave properties of strontium hexaferrite thick films were observed. The real permittivity ε′ lies in between eight and 35 with the variation in thickness of the thick film SrFe12O19. The real microwave permeability μ′ of strontium hexaferrite thick films lies in the range 1.12‐6.41. The resonance type behavior was observed at frequency 14.3 GHz. The SrFe12O19 thick film of thickness 30 μm could be a wide band (∼5,000 MHz) absorber with absorbance ∼87 percent for the whole 13‐18 GHz frequency band.
Originality/value
The complex permeability of strontium hexaferrite thick films was measured by simple novel waveguide method. The high absorbance (∼87 percent) of thick film SrFe12O19 over a broad band ∼5,000 MHz will be useful in achieving RAM coatings required for 13‐18 GHz frequency band.
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– This paper aims to study the structural, electrical and microwave properties of (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 (0.2 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) thick-film ceramics.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to study the structural, electrical and microwave properties of (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 (0.2 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) thick-film ceramics.
Design/methodology/approach
The thick films of (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 (0.2 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) on the alumina substrate have been delineated using screen printing technique. The structural analysis was carried out using an X-ray diffraction method and scanning electron microscopy. The direct current (DC) electrical resistivity is measured using a two-probe method. Microwave absorption was studied in the 8-18 GHz frequency range by using the Waveguide Reflectometer Method. The permittivity and permeability in the 8-18 GHz frequency range were measured by using Voltage Standing Wave Ratio slotted section method.
Findings
The thick films have orthorhombic perovskite structure with dominant (020) plane. By using first-principle calculation method, theoretical and experimental lattice parameter and cell volume of (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 are matched with each other. The cobalt content changes the morphology from plates to needles. The DC electrical resistivity increases with increase in Co content and decreases with increase in temperature. (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 thick film shows 75 per cent microwave absorption both in the X band and Ku band. The microwave permittivity and permeability decreases with increase in frequency and Co content.
Originality/value
Structural, electrical and microwave properties of (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 (0.2 ≤ y ≤ 1.0). Thick film ceramics on alumina substrate is reported for the first time.
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N. Patil, N.B. Velhal, R. Pawar and Vijaya Puri
The purpose of this article is to study the effect of ferrite content on electric, magnetic and microwave properties of screen-printed y(Ni0.4Co0.2Cd0.4Fe2O4) + (1 …
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to study the effect of ferrite content on electric, magnetic and microwave properties of screen-printed y(Ni0.4Co0.2Cd0.4Fe2O4) + (1 − y)Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (y = 0.0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 1.0) thick films on alumina.
Design/methodology/approach
Thick films of ferrite–ferroelectric composite on alumina substrate have been delineated using screen printing technique. The structural analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction method and scanning electron microscopy. The DC electrical resistivity was measured using the two-probe method. The magnetic measurement was carried out using a vibrating sample magnetometer. Microwave absorption was studied in the 8-18 GHz frequency range by using the vector network analyzer (N5230A). The permittivity in the 8-18 GHz frequency range was measured by using voltage standing wave ratio slotted section method.
Findings
The formation of two individual ferrite–ferroelectric phases in composite thick films was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction patterns. The scanning electron microscope morphologies show the growth of cobalt-substituted nickel cadmium ferrite grains which are well dispersed in lead zirconium titanate matrix. The DC electrical resistivity increases with increase in ferrite content and decreases with increase in temperature. The present ferrite shows ferromagnetic nature and it increases saturation magnetization and coercivity of the composite thick films. Tuning properties are observed in the Ku-band and broadband X-band microwave absorption is observed in the composite thick films. The imaginary part of permittivity increases with an increase in ferrite content, which increases microwave absorption. The real part of microwave permittivity varied from 17 to around 22 with an increase in ferrite content and it decreases with frequency. The microwave conductivity, which increases with an increase in ferrite content, reveals the loss of polaron conduction, which supports the dielectric loss in the microwave region.
Originality/value
Electric, magnetic and microwave properties of screen-printed y(Ni0.4Co0.2Cd0.4Fe2O4) + (1 − y)Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (y = 0.0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 1.0) composite thick films on alumina substrate is reported for the first time.
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Qi Yang, ZhiQiang Feng, RuanBing Zhang, YunPu Wang, DengLe Duan, Qin Wang, XiaoYu Zou and YuHuan Liu
This study aims to develop a green, economical and efficient ultrasonic-/microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) process for the extraction of anthocyanins.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to develop a green, economical and efficient ultrasonic-/microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) process for the extraction of anthocyanins.
Design/methodology/approach
After optimizing the extraction conditions by response surface methodology, three assays including DPPH, ABTS·+, FRAP were applied to analyze the antioxidant activity of the extracted anthocyanins. The stability under different temperatures, reductant concentrations and pHs was also discussed. The components of anthocyanins in blueberry were analyzed by HPLC-QTOF-MS2.
Findings
The optimal extraction parameters were ultrasonic power of 300 W, microwave power of 365.28 W and solid–liquid ratio of 30 (g/mL). The possible structures can be speculated as Delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, Delphinidin, Petunidin, Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, Petunidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. The results demonstrated that the UMAE can improve the yield of anthocyanins in shorter extraction time with higher activity.
Originality/value
The present study may provide a promising and feasible route for extracting anthocyanins from blueberries and studying their physicochemical properties, ultimately promoting the utilization of blueberry anthocyanins.
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Mohd Aaqib Sheikh, Charanjiv Singh Saini and Harish Kumar Sharma
The study was aimed to explore the potential impact of microwave heating (450 W for 2, 4, 6 and 8 min) on antioxidant activity, anti-nutritional factors, volatile and phenolic…
Abstract
Purpose
The study was aimed to explore the potential impact of microwave heating (450 W for 2, 4, 6 and 8 min) on antioxidant activity, anti-nutritional factors, volatile and phenolic compounds of the plum kernels.
Design/methodology/approach
Plum kernels are rich in proteins, lipids and bioactive compounds that are mostly underused and undervalued.
Findings
The results showed that microwave heating at 450 W for 6 min significantly (p < 0.05) increased the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, while the longer treatment time (450 W for 8 min) adversely affected the phenolic compounds. Most importantly, the anti-nutritional factors like amygdalin, hydrocyanic acid, phytic acid and tannin content were reduced up to 87.1, 84.7, 20.9 and 46.2%, respectively at 450 W for 6 min treatment conditions, which was confirmed from the larger shifts observed in FT-IR spectra near 1,157 cm−1. Microwave heating at 450 W for 6 min also proved beneficial in improving the bioavailability of volatile and phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, (+)-catechin, caffeic acid, ß-carotene, trans-ferulic acid, rutin trihydrate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, tannic acid and quercetin by liberating them from the plant matrix.
Originality/value
The results thus indicate that controlled microwave heating could be an effective approach for the reduction of anti-nutritional factors besides leading to an overall improvement in antioxidant potential and volatile and phenolic compounds. This novel technological approach can proliferate the use of plum kernels in different diversified food formulations.
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This work was undertaken to evaluate the impact of different drying methods (convective, microwave and freeze drying) on color, selected secondary metabolites (total phenolic…
Abstract
Purpose
This work was undertaken to evaluate the impact of different drying methods (convective, microwave and freeze drying) on color, selected secondary metabolites (total phenolic substances, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and antioxidant capacity), texture (hardness), sensory properties and microstructure of carrot slices.
Design/methodology/approach
Convective drying at three different temperatures (55, 65 and 75 °C), microwave drying at two different power levels (100 and 200 W) and freeze drying were applied.
Findings
Significant differences were found among fresh and dried-carrot slices. Convective-dried carrots showed better quality characteristics in comparison with microwave-dried carrots. The convective-dried carrots at 65 °C exhibited the highest retention of bioactive compounds and best color among all convective drying conditions. The microwave-dried carrot slices at lower power (100 W) showed higher quality characteristics compared to the dried carrots at 200 W. The freeze-dried carrots exhibited the highest retention of secondary metabolites, sensory properties and best color among all drying methods.
Originality/value
The results from this study are significant for the processing of dried carrots by optimizing the conditions to obtain a high-quality product. Overall, freeze drying is a promising application as shown in the present study by its capability to better retention carrot quality underlying color, sensory, texture, microstructure and secondary metabolites.
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Hamed Shadpour, Jae‐Kuk Kim and Jifeng Chen
The purpose of this paper is to study and minimize loss of vitamin B9 in bread during warming protocol.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study and minimize loss of vitamin B9 in bread during warming protocol.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, warming intensity, warming time, warming device, and bread storage method were selected as the most effective factors on B9 loss in bread. The variation of B9 in bread and its loss were studied with orthogonal array design (OAD) using the L9 optimization matrix.
Findings
With a calculated per cent of contribution (P%) of error of 0.38 per cent and according to the analysis of variance, ANOVA, of the fluorescence data, 86 per cent of B9 was saved by using toaster as the warming device, a bread warming temperature of <200○F and a warming time of <10min. Fluorescence method evaluated warming intensity and warming device as the most powerful factors affecting the B9 concentration in bread with corresponding P% of 42.28 per cent and 41.72 per cent, respectively.
Practical implications
In conclusion, heat destroyed significant portion of B9 in bread during daily warming protocols, and the suggested optimized parameters obtained in this work significantly minimized this loss.
Originality/value
The OAD can be used to effectively evaluate effective parameters on food science investigations.
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Keywords
Akash K. Gupta, Rahul Yadav, Malay K. Das and Pradipta K. Panigrahi
This paper aims to present the implementation of a multi-layer radiation propagation model in simulations of multi-phase flow and heat transfer, for a dissociating methane hydrate…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to present the implementation of a multi-layer radiation propagation model in simulations of multi-phase flow and heat transfer, for a dissociating methane hydrate reservoir subjected to microwave heating.
Design/methodology/approach
To model the induced heterogeneity due to dissociation of hydrates in the reservoir, a multiple homogeneous layer approach, used in food processes modelling, is suggested. The multi-layer model is incorporated in an in-house, multi-phase, multi-component hydrate dissociation simulator based on the finite volume method. The modified simulator is validated with standard experimental results in the literature and subsequently applied to a hydrate reservoir to study the effect of water content and sand dielectric nature on radiation propagation and hydrate dissociation.
Findings
The comparison of the multi-layer model with experimental results show a maximum difference in temperature estimation to be less than 2.5 K. For reservoir scale simulations, three homogeneous layers are observed to be sufficient to model the induced heterogeneity. There is a significant contribution of dielectric properties of sediments and water content of the reservoir in microwave radiation attenuation and overall hydrate dissociation. A high saturation reservoir may not always provide high gas recovery by dissociation of hydrates in the case of microwave heating.
Originality/value
The multi-layer approach to model microwave radiation propagation is introduced and tested for the first time in dissociating hydrate reservoirs. The multi-layer model provides better control over reservoir heterogeneity and interface conditions compared to existing homogeneous models.
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Vijay Kothari and Sriram Seshadri
The purpose of this paper is to investigate various extracts of Annona squamosa L (Annonanceae) and Carica papaya L (Caricaceae) seeds for their antioxidant activity, free radical…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate various extracts of Annona squamosa L (Annonanceae) and Carica papaya L (Caricaceae) seeds for their antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging ability, total phenolic and flavonoid contents.
Design/methodology/approach
Samples from both the seeds were prepared by subjecting them to microwave‐assisted extraction. After determining their antioxidant properties and polyphenolic contents, correlation between them was also investigated.
Findings
Highest antioxidant activity (3,179.66 g gallic acid equivalent/g of dry extract) and phenol content were registered by chloroform:methanol extract of C. papaya seeds. Maximum radical scavenging activity (3,201.63 ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity g/100 g of dry extract) was exerted by water extract of A. squamosa seeds, whereas acetone extract of C. papaya registered highest flavonoid content among all extracts. Polar extracts were found to be better free radical scavengers compared with those less polar. Hexane extracts showed least DPPH radical scavenging activity. Acetone proved efficient in extracting flavonoids, whereas phenols were best extracted in a mixture of chloroform and methanol. Phenolic metabolites seem to be contributing significantly towards antioxidant activity of the C. papaya extracts, but less so in the case of A. squamosa.
Originality/value
There have been few reports on antioxidant activity of non‐edible parts of commonly consumed fruits. The research indicates that seeds may be a promising source of antioxidants, which may have therapeutic implications.
The long established Rotothinner viscometers offered by Sheen Instruments have recently been totally modernised as shown in the accompanying photographs. The new Digital…
Abstract
The long established Rotothinner viscometers offered by Sheen Instruments have recently been totally modernised as shown in the accompanying photographs. The new Digital Rotothinner features an easy to read digital display and a display ‘hold’ facility. It can also be supplied, as an optional extra, with data logging RS.232 output for use with chart recorders or printers. A nitrogen purge is also available.