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The main purpose of this study is to introduce the pilots’ load model and developed concept of load measuring system for operator load management.

In future aeronautical system, the role of operators (pilots and air traffic controllers [ATCOs]) will be in transition from active controlling to passive monitoring. Therefore, the operators’ load (task, information, work and mental) model was developed. There were developed measuring systems integrating into the pilot and ATCOs working environment eye tracking system outside measuring equipment. Operator load management was created by using the measurement.

In future system depending on time and automation level, the role of information and mental load will be increased. In flight simulator practice, developed load management method serves as a good tool for improving the quality of pilot training. According to the test results, the load monitoring and management system increase the safety of operators’ action in an emergency situation.

The developed method were tested in two flight simulators (one developed for scientific investigation and other one applied for pilot training) and ATM management laboratory.

By deployment of the develop load monitoring and management system, the safety of aircraft flights and air transport management will be increased, especially in an emergency situation.

People and society’s acceptance of future highly automated system will be increased.

The analysis focuses on the following: developing operator’s load model as improved situation awareness model of Endsley, developing monitoring system integrated into operator’s working environment, creating load management system.

To expose the gate of ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistor (ISFET) to filthy and muddy water, suspended algae, etc. investigate the influence of these conditions on device performance and suggest measures for using the device in applications where suspended soil particles are present.

In this paper, cleaning procedure to make the blocked ISFET operative has been described. The effect of dirty water on pH sensitivity factor of ISFET, after it restarted functioning, has been measured. ISFET package has been modified. A relatively simple disposable nylon mesh with openings of size 100 μm for filtering bigger particles and lower for smaller particles, has been proposed for dirty applications to minimize device failures. This sieves away any dirt and thereby avoids failure.

The device action is frequently blocked by deposition of dirt on the gate. Generally, it is recoverable by proper cleaning action although with reduced sensitivity. This necessitates recalibration. But a protective filter helps in reducing failures. It is more advantageous to prevent clogging of ISFET than to revive a clogged device, sacrificing sensitivity.

After recovery, the original sensitivity of the device is not achieved, and the device has to be used with degraded sensitivity.

Measurement of pH of actual sources of water, whether clean or dirty, is important.

Problems of pH measurements of dirty samples have been studied. The study helps in understanding device behaviour in these samples and provides suitable corrective measures. Further, the pH survey of dirty and clean water samples provides useful information about the pH distribution and balance in nature.

This extract from a recent survey of micro‐machining in the USA outlines the techniques and difficulties of this ‘upwardly mobile’ technology.

The purpose of this paper is to develop new knowledge in experimental characterization of contaminants in engine lubricants, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing that can be applicable for on‐line condition monitoring of lubricant quality and engine component performance.

The effect of change in optical properties (e.g. transparency, absorption, and refractive index) of engine lubricants caused by the introduction of contaminants, such as gasoline, coolant, and water, on the surface plasmon resonance characteristics is analyzed experimentally. In SPR measurement, variations in both the refractive index and absorption cause changes in the SPR curve, which is the dependence of reflectivity vs incidence angle. The SPR characteristics (e.g. refractivity) of engine lubricant contaminated by gasoline, water and coolant at different concentration are measured as a function of resonance angle and analyzed with respect to different concentration (1%‐10%) of contaminants. Also, pattern recognition analysis between fresh and used engine lubricants is performed, to show applicability of Bayesian classification methodology for on‐line monitoring and predicting engine lubricant condition.

It was shown experimentally that attenuation of surface plasmons due to introduction of contaminants to the engine lubricant leads to a noticeable change in resonance angle and reflectivity minimum of the SPR curve due to an increase in the dielectric permittivity. In addition, the changes in the SPR characteristics were observed between fresh and used engine lubricant, causing resonance angle and reflectivity minimum of the SPR curve to shift.

The knowledge generated in this study lays the informational basis to further develop an on‐line system for engine lubricant condition monitoring using miniaturized SPR sensors fully suitable for on board applications.

SPR characterization is originally applied for analysis of optical properties of engine lubricants caused by the introduction of contaminants, such as gasoline, coolant, and water.

The development of a sensor microsystems containing all the components of data acquisition system, such as sensors, signal‐conditioning circuits, analog‐digital converter, interface circuits and embedded microcontroller (MCU), has become the focus of attention in many biomedical applications. A review of the microsystems technology is presented in this paper, along with a discussion of the recent trends and challenges associated with its developments. A basic description of each sub‐system is also given. This includes the different front end, mixed analog‐digital, power management, and radio transmitter‐receiver circuits. These sub‐system designs are presented and discussed in a comparative study and final remarks are made. The performance of each sub‐system is assessed regarding many aspects related to the overall system performance.

Stephen McClelland looks at an intriguing — but contentious development in the normally sedate world of hydrogen sensors.

To provide an insight of the intricacies of ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistor (ISFET) encapsulation and describe the presently available packaging solutions, indicating how the packaging requirements can be complied for various applications.

ISFET packaging is a complete subject in itself. The paper includes examples of the different packaging strategies that have been offered by literature and company findings over the past few decades.

ISFET packaging has progressed from the initial epoxy embedding of the wire bonds and contact pads to the more sophisticated techniques capable of automation wherein moulds are made for epoxy coating or the chip is tightened between contacting parts using elastomer gaskets.

The emerging packaging technologies have succeeded in making chip packaging more a science than an art, and the new methods are capable of large‐scale manufacturing with greater precision.

Packaging solutions for demanding applications of ISFETs have been provided by the upcoming technologies.

The information provided in this paper is of immense value to researchers working on ISFET encapsulation.