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Socks are one of the most important accessories, which have many kinds of blend composition, design, style and construction. In this study, an investigation was conducted to identify the blend composition ratio, stitch density, thickness, weight per unit area and air permeability to explore their effects on the durability and comfortability of socks. Other factors that affect durability were also investigated, such as the abrasion resistance. The result shows that the increase in weight and stitch density can lead to a decrease in air permeability, while the when the weight and stitch density increase lead to decrease in air permeability, while the increase in weight and thickness can lead to an increase in abrasion resistance.

The purpose of this paper is to study a new method to appraise pressure comfort through displacement distribution, and then explore the relationship between pressure and stiffness coefficient, and elastic elongation of the top part of men’s socks using finite element method.

Through 3D body scanning, a biomechanical lower leg cross-section model is constructed for simulating elastic contact between human body and top part of socks. The human body is regarded as an elastomer and the contact between lower leg and top part of socks is elastic contact, displacement distribution tendency under pressure can be obtained using ANSYS, and the elastic elongation of top part of socks after putting on was calculated based on the displacement values. In this research work, the authors discuss in details with the relationship between pressure and stiffness coefficient, and elastic elongation of top part of socks.

In this research work, the mathematical equation of pressure is obtained which describe the relationship between pressure and stiffness coefficient, and elastic elongation of top part of socks. The results indicated that the predictive values of pressure show good agreement with measured ones after χ2 test. All these solutions supply a theory basis for forecasting of the clothing pressure.

This paper is unconcerned with the simulating of pressure distribution and variation trend when dressing during the course of walking and running.

The paper provides a finite element simulation model of lower leg cross-section located at the top part of men’s socks, and study the relationship between pressure and stiffness coefficient, and elastic elongation of top part of socks. It can supply a new method to appraise pressure comfort.

Dimensional stability is one of the main quality problems of men’s sock manufacturing. Major shrinkage can be found after washing, undermining socks’ usability. Today, greater demand for quality is required as customers become more aware of shrinkage from laundering. In order to investigate the effect of pressing and repeated launderings on dimensional stability of men’s socks, three commonly produced socks were subject to pressing at different temperatures and for different lengths of duration by an industrial sock pressing machine. The study demonstrates that pressing causes major shrinkage in the body and sole zones. The shrinkage is inversely proportional to temperature and duration of the pressing process. After the first laundering, major shrinkage was found. The second laundering had no significant effect on dimensional variations since the sock had already taken up its fully relaxed dimensions. The results can help knitters predict sock dimensions after thermal and humid treatments.

Objective appraisal of pressure comfort is the basement of optimal design of clothing. The purpose of this paper is to study a new method to appraise pressure comfort through displacement distribution, and then explored the multiple relationship between pressure and displacement on the lower leg cross-section using finite element method (FEM) and curve fitting.

This paper presented a 2D simulation model of the lower leg cross-section consisting of three layer different mechanical properties, namely skin, soft tissue, and bone. Analyzed the relationship and variation tendency between contact pressure and strain, calculated the multiple relationship between pressure and displacement on the lower leg cross-section where located at the top part of men’s socks in detail, and then obtained the quadratic functional equation between angle and pressure/displacement ratio through segmented curve fitting using Origin 7.5 software.

In this research work, the mathematical equation is obtained which describe the relationship between angle and pressure/displacement of the top part of men’s socks. On the premise of the known contact pressure values on the lower leg cross-section, the corresponding displacement values on the human body surface can be obtained by the functional equation under stress, and this displacement could be used as an objective evaluation index for pressure comfort. Based on these conclusions, the authors could provide theoretical reference for pressure prediction and optimizing the design of clothing.

This paper is unconcerned with the simulating of pressure, strain, and displacement distribution when dressing during the course of walking and running.

The paper analyzed the relationship and variation tendency between contact pressure and strain using FEM, and then obtained the quadratic functional equation between angle and pressure/displacement ratio of the top part of socks. It can supply a new method to appraise pressure comfort.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the yarn parameters and some finishing process that can affect the abrasion resistance of socks in detail.

The abrasion tests were made on socks produced from the most popular fibers (cotton, wool, PAC, PES, PA, and blends of these) by the Modificated Martindale method. The effects of fiber type, yarn count (for single and ply yarn), combing process, softness process with silicone and mercerization process to the abrasion resistance were investigated.

It was found that the use of coarse yarns, addition of polyester, polyamide fibers or elastane filaments to the structure and application of the mercerization process increase the abrasion resistance of the socks. However, the silicone softeners decrease this value. The resistance of wool socks is higher than acrylics.

Socks, which are a necessary item of clothing, need to be comfortable, affordable and retain their quality throughout their life. The most significant problem is abrasion which can greatly reduce the material's life. To determine the parameters affecting the sock abrasion will be useful both for producer and for consumer.

The textiles, clothing, and footwear (TCF) industry has struggled in Australia since the government commenced dismantling tariffs. By sourcing from Asia, middlemen undercut established suppliers, and retail chains set benchmark low prices with their imported “house” labels. The policy‐makers predicted that local producers would become more efficient, and export to make up for lost sales, but the media paints a picture of rising imports, retrenchments, and factory closures. The research objective was to discover what strategies the survivors (actually) employ in adapting to the pressures of globalisation.

More than 30 companies were involved in the study, ranging from small family businesses to subsidiaries of big multinationals. Each case study was based on an interview with a senior executive, normally followed by a plant tour. This methodology suits a fresh topic, as it avoids preconceptions and imposes no bounds.

Results show that the policy change was based on “pie in the sky” forecasts. Increasingly, TCF production is transferred to cheap offshore locations, generally via subcontracting plus the “badging” of foreign designs. To survive, local factories should focus on quality and customer service, preferably in niche markets (like uniforms), or for specific customer groups, and develop technologically advanced products. A move down the supply chain into retailing can also assist. Large multinational corporations that engage in foreign direct investment dominate the management literature.

This paper presents a different perspective, neglected in international operations management, whereby domestically oriented businesses attempt to defend themselves against the adverse consequences of globalisation.

The present study obtained the topography of perceptible (a perfect-fit feeling) clothing pressures from the chest to groin, when a stretching material provided hoop tension to the body surface of participants. Furthermore, the allowable pressure level was examined for the abdomen, which is pressed by underclothes on a daily basis.

Participants were nine women aged 21.3 ± 1.2 years. Each participant's perception of pressure while wearing the experimental band was obtained in a questionnaire using a visual analog scale. Clothing pressure was measured employing a hydrostatic pressure-balancing method as participants adjusted the band length themselves to achieve two conditions: a perfect-fit and tight-fit on the abdomen.

The range of comfortable clothing pressure tightening provided by a 2.5 cm-wide elastic band on the abdomen was 0–5.6 hPa for under the bust, waist and groin, and 4.4–9.3 hPa for the chest, lower waist and hips. A nerve plexus of the autonomic nervous system and arteries are distributed over the body surface of the former body parts, which were thus sensitive to tightening around the abdomen.

The topography of perceptible clothing pressure was obtained when stretching material provided hoop tension to the body surface of the participant. The results of a participant questionnaire agreed with clothing pressure obtained using a hydrostatic pressure-balancing method that has a short-time constant and sensitive resolution. Furthermore, allowable pressure levels were proposed.

Retailers, it is said, are behaving as brands. Tests whether retailers can be considered to be brands by comparing the current practices of British retailers against four criteria for a brand which are developed from the existing literature on branding. The four criteria are that the brand should: differentiate; be capable of a separate existence; command a premium price and; offer the customer some psychic value. Concludes that retail brands not only exist but also exist in two forms: the more obvious merchandise brands, commonly known as own‐brand that are now marketed as more than generic commodities; and the less obvious process brand that represents the experience that retailers provide. Argues that the process brand is purchased with the shoppers′ time rather than with their money. The process brand has value to the retailer as it generates customer flow, customer loyalty and higher expenditure.

Revisits the strategic resource management (SRM) model, a framework that was developed 20 years ago as a managerial tool for performance measurement and integrated decision making in retailing. Shows certain modifications to the SRM model, focusing on the gross and net margin return on retail space (i.e. GMROF and NMROF) as the key metrics. Authors contend the new focus gives the SRM framework a firmer grounding conceptually, and makes the SRM model more directional in practice. The paper also extends the SRM framework from its traditional gross margin metrics to net margin. Authors believe the greatest benefits of the SRM framework continue to be in benchmarking, planning, and executing alternative inventory, space, and people strategies in an integrative fashion.

In an ariticle last year, (RDM, May/June 1975, p.22, Foodstore Advertising), I deferred consideration of what was then a new advertising campaign—the now familiar “Wonder of Woolworth”. Time has given a new perspective to the task and enabled me to write about developments in retailing which I would scarcely have believed possible eleven months ago.