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This chapter provides evidence that the Stonewall Inn riots were the foundation for a legacy of empowerment and improvements in the civil and political rights of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community in the United States. Increased protections in the United States and globally are needed to fully integrate LGBT individuals into society. The next phase of this work will examine how the failure to extend equitable civil and political rights to LGBT individuals has led to continued stigma and discrimination which, in turn, is associated with a host of LGBT health disparities ranging from HIV to suicide to substance use. Future research will also identify ways to reduce these inequities.

The purpose of this paper is to examine a campus community’s knowledge and acceptance of their campus police as “real” police.

Using the liminality theoretical framework, this study surveyed students, faculty, staff, and administrators (n=1,484). Students were surveyed in-person, while staff, faculty, and administrators participated through an e-mail link to an online survey.

Results indicate that campus police are stuck in a liminal state. While 80 percent of the sample thought campus police should be armed, almost two-thirds (64 percent) did not know or were unsure of campus police officer tasks and three-quarters (75 percent) did not know or were unsure of campus police training requirements.

The participants come from one university campus, so the generalizability of the sample is limited.

This study provides more evidence of the marginalization of campus police. Specifically, this study highlights that a majority of participants could not or were unable to identify campus police officers’ training and duties. Instead of using small qualitative samples, this study utilized over 1,400 participants on one campus, which provides more explanatory power about the perception problems of the campus police. This study also continues to advance and expand liminal theory.

This paper examines the conditions under which states include sexual orientation as a protected status in hate crime policy over the course of 25 years. Previous research in this area has generally focused on the passage of either general hate crime statutes longitudinally or the inclusion of sexual orientation in hate crime legislation via cross-sectional analysis. Moreover, previous work in this area tends to concentrate on two types of factors affecting policy passage: (1) structural factors such as social disorganization and economic vitality, and (2) political characteristics including governor’s political party and the makeup of the state legislature. We argue that a strong LGBT social movement organizational presence may also influence LGBT hate crime policy passage. Using an event history analysis, we test how state-level social movement organizational mobilization, as well as the state-level political context, affect policy passage from 1983 to 2008. Our findings indicate that political opportunities, including political instability and government ideology, matter for the passage of anti-gay hate crime policy. We also find evidence to support political mediation, as the interaction between social movement organizational presence and Democrats in the state legislature affect policy passage.

A considerable body of literature has emerged in recent years that has documented the increasing importance of innovative practices in small business firms within the United Kingdom. Much of this literature has developed in response to reports that UK firms were underperforming in the area of innovative practices in comparison to firms in other countries. The present paper asserts that an inextricable link exists between innovation and marketing, particularly in the field of new product development, and seeks to generate a clearer picture of the characteristics of both innovative owner‐managers and innovative businesses. On the basis of data drawn from a sample of 233 small and medium‐sized businesses in greater London, archetypes of innovative entrepreneurs and businesses are developed. The typical innovative business owner is shown to be young to middle‐aged and is willing to take risks and embrace new technologies. The typical innovative business is in the start‐up stage of development and is in the possession of a current business plan and markeing plan. The implications of these archetypes are discussed, as are concerns regarding how best to measure innovation and to evaluate the role of innovation in relation to small businesses.

The recent introduction of the Food Standards (Self‐Raising Flour) Order (S.R. & O. 1946 No. 157) heralds the passing of a period in which a most unfortunate state of affairs held sway. Happier conditions should now prevail, but it may not be out of place to review briefly the causes of the dissatisfaction which were justly felt not only by the manufacturer, but also by the authorities whose duty it is to protect the housewife. Shortly after the creation of a standard for self‐raising; flour (S.R. & O. 1944 No. 44) some two years ago, it became only too obvious that the meagre instructions for the determination of available carbon dioxide were far from sufficient, so that the same sample examined in different laboratories yielded results which differed appreciably. Trade chemists specially familiar with the examination of flour and the peculiar difficulties arising therefrom fared no better. Subsequent discussions by a Committee consisting not only of Ministry officials and trade chemists, but also of Public Analysts and consultants, produced a recommendation that a more detailed description of the analytical procedure should be given. This recommendation, which is adopted in the new Order, paved the way for the elimination of one source of dissatisfaction. Unfortunately, the vexed question of the limits to be specified remained. As is well known, self‐raising flour, in common with baking powder and allied products, suffers during storage loss in available carbon dioxide and hence in raising power. This is particularly so if the storage conditions are unsatisfactory or if the basis flour used in manufacture contains an abnormally high percentage of moisture. Long periods of high average relative humidity prevail in this country, and under these conditions flour tends to take up additional moisture. The paper bags or packages in which self‐raising flour is usually retailed offer little protection against the ingress of moisture, so that deterioration or “run down” under the usual retail conditions is not only likely to occur but has been clearly demonstrated. A recommendation by the Committee of assistance in this direction was that the previously‐specified upper limit for total carbon dioxide of 065 per cent. should be abandoned. This limit, fixed to prevent the use of unnecessarily large amounts of phosphate, caused the unfortunate manufacturer to be faced with a dilemma of the most awkward variety. Though he had to play for safety by incorporating an excess of aerating ingredients, this excess had to be restricted in order to yield a product which, at manufacture, possessed a total carbon dioxide content not exceeding 0 65 per cent. Where the basis flour contained added Creta Praeparata this of course had to be taken into account in arriving at the figure for total carbon dioxide. Following this recommendation, the recently‐introduced Order prescribes no maximum for the amount of total carbon dioxide. Should they so desire, manufacturers may now increase the proportion of active materials in an attempt to compensate for the natural deterioration of self‐raising flour. Whether this is done or no, the phenomenon of deterioration remains; consequently, the fixing of the minimum statutory standard for available carbon dioxide is one of extreme importance. The 1942 Order provided for a minimum of 0·45 per cent., a figure which was felt by the manufacturers of self‐raising flour to be too high. Their suggestion of an alternative figure of 0·35 per cent. was, however, declined by the Ministry of Food. Owing to the extreme importance of the matter, the question was again raised by the manufacturers, who felt that a figure higher than that suggested by them would be certain to result in unjust and unnecessary prosecution. They were satisfied that the figure suggested was fair and reasonable to both manufacturer and housewife. The contention that self‐raising flour containing approximately 0·35 per cent. of available carbon dioxide could give satisfactory results was supported by the submission of samples of cake which had been made with flours of differing available carbon dioxide content. In fact, the samples appeared to indicate that the results obtainable with a self‐raising flour of 0·35 per cent. strength were little, if at all, different from those obtainable with a flour complying with the then operative standard of 0·45 per cent. However, the Inter‐Departmental Committee on Food Standards held that though the cakes in question were admittedly satisfactory, the recipes employed called for higher proportions of eggs and fat than would be generally allowable under present rationing. Under such circumstances, the virtually identical results obtained with flours containing respectively 0·35 and 0·45 per cent. of available carbon dioxide were only to be expected. Further, the sample cakes had been made under conditions in which the latitude normally considered desirable for domestic cooking was absent. Accordingly, the Committee felt that proof was lacking that a self‐raising flour containing 0·35 per cent. of available carbon dioxide would be satisfactory for general use. Thus, research had shown that in the preparation of steamed puddings, a self‐raising flour containing 0·40 per cent. or more of available carbon dioxide was necessary to ensure ample aeration. The recommended analytical procedure should eliminate the institution of unjust proceedings, while, although he may become a party, no legal liability attaches to the manufacturer if non‐compliance with the standard at the time of retail sale is due solely to the retailer having stored the flour for an unduly long lime or under unusually bad conditions. Hence the risk of unfair prosecution could be stressed unduly. Nevertheless, although no legal liability might attach to the manufacturer, his becoming involved in proceedings could be most embarrassing. Accordingly, the Committee recommended that the minimum standard for available carbon dioxide should be reduced to 0·40 per cent., since available evidence indicates that such an amount gives adequate aeration. This is adopted in the new Order. The new standard has been most thoroughly thrashed out; may it result in a state of affairs which is fair to all.

The purpose of this paper is to determine what factors contributed to three universities achieving environmental sustainability.

A case study methodology was used to determine how each factor contributed to the institutions' sustainability. Site visits, fieldwork, document reviews, and interviews with administration, faculty, staff, and students from the participating institutions were employed as primary data collection strategies.

The six factors identified in the literature as contributing to environmental sustainability were present at all three institutions: green campus operation measures; campus administration, organization, and leadership; teaching, research, and service; campus‐wide actions and activities; institutional assessment of campus sustainability measures; and established methods for overcoming barriers.

This study was delimited to the six factors that were identified in the literature and the three institutions that participated in this study. The research will add to the literature on creating sustainable campuses and will also provide a foundation for further study on the progress and impact of campus sustainability efforts.

A number of individual case studies have described what certain institutions have done. A smaller number of case studies have identified what factors have contributed to certain institutions' achieved environmental sustainability.

The purpose of this paper is to present an original iterative nodal approach to calculate the fault current distribution on overhead lines.

By changing the mutual couplings among different conductors into the equivalent voltage sources, node voltages are updated iteratively by using conventional nodal analysis with those additional sources until the convergence is achieved.

The proposed algorithm can handle the complicated topology of a power transmission line and has no difficulties in taking all physical couplings into account. The fault current distribution calculated by this method is in good agreement with those published in the literature. Although the proposed approach is iterative, the CPU time needed is still reasonable compared to the direct solution approach. The memory requirement is low because the coefficient matrix is highly sparse for the nodal analysis of each iteration loop.

The proposed approach can serve as an alternative in calculating the fault current because of its efficiency and ease of implementation.