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The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical assessment and outline issues in criminal regulation relating to international anti‐money laundering (AML) programs.

In the first part, this paper outlines the serious threats posed by transnational laundering operations in the context of economic globalization, and calls for highly co‐ordinated international responses to such a crime. The second part of the paper centres on elements of international criminal regulation of ML.

The focus is on the phenomenological aspect of ML and highlights that to a large extent it is an economic issue. Economic analysis calls for an accurate legal response, with typical trade‐offs: it should deter criminals from laundering by increasing the costs for such illicit operations, calling for enhanced regulatory and enforcement activities; however, stronger enforcement yields increased costs and reduces privacy. These features have lately inspired the recent paradigm shift from a rule‐based regulatory framework to a risk‐based approach which still represents an extremely delicate regulatory. Both at the international level and within the single domestic legal system, AML law is typically characterised by a multidisciplinary approach combining the repressive profile with preventive mechanisms: an empirical evaluation of the International Monetary Fund‐World Bank AML program is presented, where these two aspects are assessed. The non‐criminal measures recently implemented under the auspices of the main inter‐governmental public organisations with competence in these fields seem to be consistent with the insights of economic analysis. However, some key criminal issues need to be better addressed.

The paper offers insights into international AML programs, focusing on criminal regulation.

Since 1973, Reference Services Review has published an annual annotated bibliography of materials focused on library instruction and, most recently, information literacy. Publications addressing academic library activities continue to be represented in the largest numbers. The continuing growth of electronic information has made librarians, in all types of libraries, more aware of the need to provide ongoing instruction to library users.

This chapter investigates the importance of fashion houses in the progressive redefinition of tourism geography within a metropolitan context. The purpose is to highlight how these brands manage both to integrate marginal urban areas into the tourist circuits and to co-construct market-oriented heritage policies. Through the case of Fendi Roma and the EUR district (Rome, Italy), this chapter explores their degrees of involvement in the processes of requalification and estheticization of peripheral urban areas. The study found that the involvement of the luxury brand in Roman urban governance is symptomatic of evolutions in the political strategies pursued by public actors in their relations with private investors.

Presents a bibliography of literature published during 2001 on library instruction and information literacy. States that the majority of articles dealt with the implementation of the Association of College and Research Libraries standards for information literacy in higher education. Reveals that another theme is that students are increasingly turning to the Web for their information needs to the exclusion of other sources which has implications for those who teach those resources. Also reveals the theme in the literature of collaboration and partnerships between faculty, information technology staff, other librarians, students and administrators.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a selected bibliography of recent resources on library instruction and information literacy.

The paper introduces and annotates periodical articles, monographs, and audiovisual material examining library instruction and information literacy.

Information about each source is provided. The paper discusses the characteristics of current scholarship, and describes sources that contain unique scholarly contributions and quality reproductions.

The information in the paper may be used by librarians and interested parties as a quick reference to literature on library instruction and information literacy.

The purpose of this paper is to articulate that ill-defined global prohibition regimes such as anti-money laundering (AML) could potentially cause more harm than good. The author has carried out a scoping review of some anti-money laundering regimes such as the USA PATRIOT Act to demonstrate how they have been harnessed in some jurisdictions. It deconstructs the broad scope in which money laundering offences are conceptualized and applied by different jurisdictions and its inherent challenges. It has scoped a wide range of issues, often articulating the inherent controversies in some engendered AML regimes such as the USA PATRIOT Act (2001) and its revised Know Your Customer (KYC) model.

This paper was undertaken by straddling a wide range of issues in relation to the shortcomings that are inherent in AML regulatory regimes and their application in practice. However, the analysis focuses on the failures of some AML regimes concentrating largely on the UK and US jurisdictions and, occasionally, drawing examples from African countries. It uses examples from a small sample of countries and then hypothesized that if a regulatory regime is broadly defined, it could cause confusion in its application, let alone being counterproductive to the purpose it was adopted to achieve. It might, therefore, not be very helpful in streamlining how desired norms should be harnessed in practice.

The findings of this paper have correlated that broadly and ill-defined regulatory regimes are bound to cause confusion and controversies, let alone being counterproductive to the purpose they were adopted to achieve. The USA PATRIOT Act and KYC are some of the few examples, whereby ill-defined regulatory regimes have provided a recipe for controversies and tensions between regulatory domains and citizens. For instance, the surveillance mandate to US regulatory authorities under the USA PATRIOT Act has generated tensions between citizens and banks. Cases have been filed against banks for over-exercising their powers and interfering with the individual freedoms of US citizens.

The paper was written largely based on analysis of secondary data on AML regimes and the controversies their application often generates in some countries. For instance, the USA PATRIOT Act has generated tensions between the USA and foreign states, banks and citizens, because of excessive use of its surveillance mandate on the privacy of individuals. Bearing this challenge in mind, it would have been better for the analysis to focus on many countries and, probably, interview bankers and internalize their views accordingly.

The paper is informative. It could be used for making desired policy changes and enhancing research on global regulatory regimes and how they are evolved and applied in practice. It has practical relevance for banks, researchers, students, policy/oversight institutions and governments and it is therefore a worthy read.

The regulation of money laundering crimes is imperative, because, if left unchecked, it can undermine economies, governments and people and erode the fabric of society. However, as much as it is imperative to enact the desired rules to curtail the threat of money laundering and its predicate offences or even forestall it, regimes should be evolved with caution not to alienate the very purpose they were adopted to achieve. For instance, if the application of engendered rules generates tensions between citizens and regulatory authorities, it cannot reflect well not only on the government’s image but can also be counterproductive.

The paper was written using primary and secondary data sources but evaluated using empirical evidence drawn from different jurisdictions. It is therefore original because it is written and evaluated in its unique way to extend the parameters of knowledge on evolution and conceptualization of money laundering regimes.

Money laundering schemes are inextricably linked to corruption whereby the latter is utilised either as “a means to an end or as an end in itself”. The prevalence of one of these offences in a country usually signifies the prevalence of the other. The foregoing connection is supported by studies carried out by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank to correlate the connection between money laundering and corruption. Corruption has been exploited to facilitate commission of other crimes such as drug trafficking, prostitution, small arms trafficking and illegal currency trafficking. It has destroyed the myth that corruption is a domestic political issue amenable within individual states borders. Therefore, the design of anti-corruption policy measures should incorporate effective implementation anti-money laundering (AML) strategy and their enforcement on corrupt public officials. It needs to be noted that money accrued from corruption constitutes criminal property under the majority of global AML/CFT frameworks which have been domesticated by individual national governments. Both corruption and money laundering thrive in an environment of bad governance, lack of requisite local oversight institutions, a tenuous legal systems and laws and bad governance. These offences have become so intertwined that it is not easy to tell which is which because they are embedded in each other and in the context of this paper are symbiotic.

The paper articulates that there is a close connection between corruption and money laundering offences. It was undertaken by evaluating primary and secondary data sources to demonstrate the interconnectivity of the foregoing criminal offences in the regulatory realm. The overlapping relationship between corruption and money laundering has been acknowledged by many oversight institutions and national governments. For example, Singapore enacted a legislation: “Corruption, Drug Trafficking and other Serious Crimes (Confiscation of Benefits) Act” in (1999) recognizing the foregoing interconnectivity. The G20 imposed on Financial Action Task Force the requirement to incorporate mechanisms within its framework to combat money laundering and terrorist financing measures to fight corruption. Therefore, this paper has demonstrated a close correlation between corruption and money laundering and what ought to be done at various oversight levels to forestall them.

Corruption and money laundering are inextricably linked such that where one exists, the other one will be also lurking in the background. The paper has articulated the connection between corruption and money laundering and the context they are manifested either together or differently. It has demonstrated that the foregoing offences are literally “Keith and Kin” and should be accorded the same level of attention as serious financial crime, both in theory and practice of states.

While there are many papers which have been published on the subject of money laundering and corruption, not many articulate the connection between corruption and money laundering in the context of this paper. The paper was undertaken by evaluating primary and secondary data sources and analysing this data in different contexts of this paper. However, it would have been better to corroborate some of the foregoing sources by working with oversight AML/corruption institutions. Therefore, the author will ensure that future studies carried out on the subject matter of money laundering and corruption are undertaken with a high measure of collaboration with oversight AML/corruption agencies and possibly also civil society organisation which have a mandate on these similar issues.

This paper is of practical significance for governments, policy and oversight institutions in dealing with issues relating to corruption and money laundering. The paper provides insights into the dynamics of the foregoing twin offences, the context they are manifested and how the law can be better utilised to forestall them. Corruption and money laundering have eviscerated the individual economies capacity to engage in national development programmes, and they need to be addressed as a matter of seriousness, both nationally and internationally. This paper will provide insights into what states need to do to harness the law relating to corruption and money laundering offences, both at an oversight institution and individual national government’s level.

Corruption and money laundering crimes have eroded the fabric of societies, eviscerated individual states capacity to pursue national development goals and not to mention fuelling other crimes such as financing of terrorism, human and small arms trafficking, drugs trafficking, to mention but a few. Therefore, no state can afford to ignore the foregoing transgressions against humanity because no state can claim to be immune from the offshoot effects of corruption and money laundering.

There are not many published papers which articulate the connection between money laundering and corruption in the context of this paper. This paper is one of its kind, original and a must read. It is a must read because it has a lot offer literally to every one û academics, researchers, students, policy and regulatory institutions and the list goes on.