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Social exchange and social learning theories are widely used in many disciplines, but there is little research on the relationships between supervisor support and job performance in a developing context. Therefore this study aims to examine the links between supervisor support and job performance with the mediating role of psychological factors; empowerment and self-confidence.

Data for this study were collected from 364 employees working at Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited. Partial least square structural equation modeling was used for the analysis.

The results revealed that supervisor support stimulates job performance. Empowerment and self-confidence both partially mediate the relationships between supervisor support and job performance.

This study adds to the current body of literature by providing insight into the influence of perceived supervisor support on job performance through the mediating role of psychological factors.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the very few studies exploring the relationships between supervisor support and job performance in developing contexts, particularly focusing on the mediating mechanisms of empowerment and self-confidence.

This article aims to investigate the challenges faced during the training and development (T&D) evaluation process from the point of view of faculty members and HR managers in Saudi Arabian public universities, and to examine the influence of these challenges on the effectiveness of T&D programmes in public universities.

Exploratory research using semi-structured interviews to determine the challenges faced during T&D evaluation was employed. Participants included faculty members (n = 23) and senior managers (n = 05) working in four public universities in Saudi Arabia. The interviews were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis.

The outcome highlights the challenges faced during the T&D evaluation process: a lack of performance measurement and role ambiguity H.R.M. practices. Finally, this study aims to investigate how do these challenges influence the higher education sector.

To the best of the researcher's knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to explore challenges within the T&D evaluation process in Saudi Arabian higher education. The results should therefore broaden the scope of the available literature and fill a research gap, particularly regarding the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) of Nations.