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The last chapter of this book grouped the studies that discusses and investigates the relationship between sustainability reporting and firm performance in three different regions: Europe, Mena and Africa. In Europe, the findings deduced from the empirical results demonstrate that there is significant positive impact of ESG on the performance. However, the relationship between ESG disclosures varies if measured individually; the environmental disclosure positively affects the ROA and TQ, whereas the corporate social responsibility disclosure negatively affects the three models. However, the corporate governance disclosure negatively affects the ROA, ROE and positively affect the Tobin's Q. In Mena, the empirical results show that there are differences in the impact of sustainability reporting (ESG) on firm's operational performance (ROA), financial performance (ROE) and market performance (TQ) between the sectors. Lastly, the findings from Africa show that there is a significant relationship between ESG and operational performance (ROA) and market performance (TQ) with ROA and TQ varying directly with the level of ESG disclosure. However, there is no significant relationship between ESG and financial performance (ROE).

This chapter aims to analyse the evolution of research in the Indian tourism and hospitality domain from 1976 to 2021. By employing the bibliometric and systematic literature review, the chapter highlights the prominent authors, institutions, methods, emerging and explored research themes in the tourism and hospitality field. Accordingly, the authors collected 458 articles from core tourism and hospitality related journals using PRISMA and evaluated them using VOSViewer. The findings revealed an emic perspective of research contribution in Indian tourism and hospitality. While some topics such as religious tourism, sustainability, cultural and heritage tourism products have attained more attention, topics such as tourism entrepreneurship, technology and human resource development failed to seek attention in the eyes of journals and researchers. Although the literature has expanded significantly, there is a need to build global academic networks to examine the state of Indian tourism and hospitality. The chapters suggest that future research should critically evaluate the schemes and initiatives undertaken by the government to promote Indian tourism, expand research to western and eastern parts of the country, and follow the mixed-method research to contribute holistically to the topic.

In this study, we analyze the general effect of acquirers’ ownership strategy on the survival in foreign acquisitions. Furthermore, we attempt to address five potential moderating effects: international, regional, target country experience, cultural distance, as well as host country development. The developed hypotheses are tested on a sample of 1,345 acquisitions made by 174 Finnish firms in 59 countries during 1980–2005. The results indicate that in general WOS increases the probability of survival of foreign acquired units. We further find that the impact of WOS on the survival of foreign acquired units is contingent upon cultural distance and host country development but not on the experience of buying firms.

In this chapter, we aim to shed more light on the role of formal institutional distance in firms’ foreign entry mode choices by accounting for the direction of that distance. Specifically, we distinguish between foreign entries where the host country is institutionally less developed than the investing firm’s home country (negative institutional distance) and those where the host country’s institutions are comparatively more developed (positive institutional distance), and explore whether these different types of entries are implemented through different equity-based modes. We take an information economics perspective to develop hypotheses on the effects of positive and negative formal institutional distance on firms’ choices between greenfields and acquisitions, and between full and partial ownership of greenfield and acquired subsidiaries. We test our hypotheses on a sample of 1,070 foreign entries made by 796 emerging market multinationals originating from 14 countries. Controlling for the host country’s formal institutional quality and other factors, we find that negative institutional distance increases the likelihood that a foreign entry takes the form of a greenfield investment rather than an acquisition and that positive institutional distance decreases that likelihood. We also find that negative institutional distance increases the chances that firms choose greenfield joint ventures over wholly owned greenfields and full over partial acquisitions. Finally, we find that positive institutional distance does not affect firms’ ownership stake choices, neither for greenfields nor for acquisitions. Overall, these findings argue for a nuanced, contingency view of the role of formal institutional distance in foreign entry mode choices. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to use information economics to construct a holistic picture of firms’ equity-based entry mode choices, taking into account both establishment and ownership modes.

Introduction: The rapid growth of high technology has urged many organisations to dynamically look for innovative ways, ideas, testing, and ingenious solution in improving their current product, process, system, and technology. For contemporary business, artificial intelligence (AI)-based people analytics is an instrument currently employed to develop a better prosperous future.

Purpose: The study aims to investigate the usage of AI in human resource management (HRM) practices. It also examines the benefits and challenges of using AI in implementing people analytics in organisations.

Methodology: This chapter contains a systemic review of articles and papers on analytics. The presented qualitative study did a literature review based on the articles published in the last five years and extracted from the Scopus database.

Findings: This chapter indicated that AI-based people analytics is on the verge of changing various aspects of HRM practices better to furnish it for a vibrant, ever-changing workplace. It concludes different usage of AI in people analytics for better managing human resources (HR) at the workplace. Also explored the benefits and challenges of implementing AI in the people analytics domain.

Implications: This chapter will help understand ongoing practices of AI-enabled process benefits and challenges. This insight will help develop a better AI-enabled function for a better decision-making system. The future scope of the study is how to overcome the challenges.

The chapter provides an economic explanation and perspectivation of strategic asset seeking of multinational enterprises from emerging economies (EMNEs) as a prominent feature of today’s global economy.

The authors apply and extend the “springboard perspective.” This perspective submits that EMNEs acquire strategic assets in developed markets primarily for use in their home markets.

The authors succumb that the springboard perspective is alluring theoretically as well as empirically as it suggests that when EMNEs acquire strategic assets, they experience liabilities of foreignness (LOF) that are low relative to those of MNEs from developed markets. The authors concede to this LOF asymmetry but also point out that liabilities of outsidership (LOO) can offset or weaken the home-market advantage of some EMNEs when competing with MNEs.

LOO appears as the more relevant concept to use when explaining strategic asset seeking of EMNEs. A set of propositions are formulated to guide empirical testing.

The insights gained from using the springboard perspective and the LOO concept are non-trivial: They basically predict future dominance of ‘insider’ EMNEs at the expense of MNEs from developed markets.

The purpose of this study is to examine how business group (BG) affiliation influences the export propensity of new ventures (NVs). To help address the inconsistency of past research on the value of BG affiliation for firms seeking to expand their business abroad, the authors provide a contingency perspective by exploring how organizational characteristics and BG characteristics condition the value of BG affiliation. The authors analyze the impact of BG affiliation on the export propensity of NVs, including the factors that condition this impact, by using a sample of 2,874 European NVs. The primary contribution of this study is to determine the impact of BG affiliation on the export propensity of NVs, including the moderating effects of firm size on the BG affiliation–export propensity relationship. The findings show that the export propensity of NVs affiliated with BGs is significantly higher than for stand-alone NVs. However, the findings demonstrate that the impact of BG affiliation on export propensity depends on the network characteristics of the BG in terms of the geographical dispersion of network ties. Consequently, the findings suggest that BG affiliation provides advantages for NV exporting only if it provides access to international inter-firm networks thus acting as a compensatory mechanism for liability of outsidership and liability of newness in foreign markets. In such cases, BG affiliation is a major resource capital that equipoises the somewhat limited financial resource provision for NV internationalization.

We investigate the effect of distance – political, economic, cultural and spatial, on developed-economy multinational enterprises’ (MNEs’) ownership decisions in cross-border (CB) acquisitions. We start with the premise that distance discourages full and majority ownership in CB acquisitions, and further investigate the moderating role of distance-reducing factors. We examine how the relationship between distance and acquisition ownership decision is moderated by firm-specific characteristics, such as firm size, general international experience, and specific host country experience. Our data sample consists of 1,041 CB acquisitions under taken by Finnish MNEs in 58 countries during the time period 1990–2010. We find substantial support for all our hypotheses and conclude that the negative effects of distance on CB acquisition equity stake are positively moderated by the three firm-specific resources but their individual importance is conditional on the host country type (developed or emerging).

The current era of the fourth industrial revolution has attracted significant research on the use of digital technologies in improving construction project delivery. However, less emphasis has been placed on how these digital tools will influence the management of the construction workforce. To this end, using a review of existing works, this chapter explores the fourth industrial revolution and its associated technologies that can positively impact the management of the construction workforce when implemented. Also, the possible challenges that might truncate the successful deployment of digital technologies for effective workforce management were explored. The chapter submitted that implementing workforce management-specific digital platforms and other digital technologies designed for project delivery can aid effective workforce management within construction organisations. Technologies such as cloud computing, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, robotics and automation, and artificial intelligence, among others, offer significant benefits to the effective workforce management of construction organisations. However, several challenges, such as resistance to change due to fear of job loss, cost of investment in digital tools, organisational structure and culture, must be carefully considered as they might affect the successful use of digital tools and by extension, impact the success of workforce management in the organisations.

Emerging Market Multinationals (EMNCs) are often seen as firms with singular identity. While they may share certain characteristics, EMNCs are seldom orchestrated and managed in the same manner. Through a cluster analysis of outward foreign direct investment data of EMNCs from India, we propose taxonomy of EMNCs based on their mode of operation, industry in which they operate, region where they invest and the amount invested. We use a dataset spread over 2007–2013, constituting investment data of 4,824 Indian firms into 7,238 foreign entities. Based on a two-step clustering approach, we propose three strategic archetypes of EMNCs: Global Service Providers, Integrated Manufacturers, and Established Internationalizers. The Global Service Providers mainly consists of firms operating in developed markets with an intention to serve their client needs through wholly owned subsidiaries. Integrated Manufacturers are firms that are primarily operating in other developing markets to sell their products through joint ventures and also present in developed markets through wholly owned subsidiaries – to acquire technology and other resources. The Established Internationalizers are large EMNCs with highest levels of investments, and relatively similar to the Western multinationals. We analyze the characteristics of these three groups of EMNCs based on their strategy and investment behavior, to derive insights into the heterogeneity across EMNCs. We discuss our findings and lay out future directions for research in the area.