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Describes two low‐order shell elements, one (quadrilateral) with 16 degrees‐of‐freedom; twelve translations and four rotations and another (triangular) with 12 degrees‐of‐freedom; nine translations and three rotations. The elements are formulated in a geometrically non‐linear manner and large strains, which may be hyper‐elastic or elasto‐plastic, are also considered. Hills yield criterion with a Lankford constant for the special case of transversely isotropic problem is introduced into the large‐strain formulations. To illustrate its application, the hydrostatic bulging of rectangular diaphragms with different aspect ratios is analysed and the obtained results are compared with the experimental ones. The elements have advantageous nodal configuration that makes them particularly suitable for analysing structures with junctions. Such a problem is an initially square steel box loaded with internal pressure. This problem is analysed and comparisons are made with experimental results.

Describes an elastic visco‐plastic finite element formulation that is applied to the modelling of pastes. Comparisons are made with experimental results obtained for a particular paste, plasticine. Special attention is applied to the frictional boundary conditions, for which the usual Coulombic procedure is augmented by a “cohesive” wall friction component. Viscous effects also are considered.

The paper desribes an energy‐based framework for a simple model with two degrees‐of‐freedom that statically exhibits bifurcations or limit‐points. Dynamically, the equivalent system may respond with small amplitude motion (being dynamically stable) or it may ‘escape’ and move to exhibit ‘large amplitude motion’ (thus becoming dynamically unstable). The energy framework is used to define bounds for these stable and unstable motions. These bounds are used to provide a framework for a set of dynamic finite element computations based on conventional finite element techniques.

‘Shear‐constraints’ can be used to produce efficient Mindlin/Reissner or ‘discrete Kirchhoff’ bending elements. The paper shows that ‘selective shear‐constraints’ can be used to produce an effective formulation for folded‐plated structures.

The paper describes the derivation and application of a range of numerical algorithms for implementing the Mohr—Coulomb yield criterion in a non‐linear finite element computer program. Emphasis is placed on the difficulties associated with the corners of the yield surface. In contrast to the more conventional forward‐Euler procedures, a backward‐Euler integration technique is adopted. A range of methods, including a ‘consistent approach’ are used to derive the tangent modular matrix. Numerical experiments are presented which involve solution algorithms including the modified and full Newton—Raphson procedures, ‘line‐searches’ and the arc‐length method. It is shown that the introduction of efficient integration and tangency algorithms can lead to very substantial improvements in the convergence characteristics.

The simplest facet‐shell formulation involves the combination of the constant‐strain membrane triangle with a constant‐curvature bending triangle. The paper first describes an alternative co‐rotational procedure to the one initially proposed by Peng and Crisfield in 1992. This new formulation introduces a spin matrix which allows a simpler formulation for the consistent tangent stiffness matrix. The paper then moves to the dynamics of the element. To obtain stable solutions, an energy‐conserving mid‐point time‐integration scheme is developed. This scheme exactly conserves the total energy when external forces are constant and when the physical system does not present any damping. The performance of this scheme is compared with other more conventional implicit schemes through a set of numerical examples involving large‐scale rotations.

Presents a range of numerical results obtained from the geometrically nonlinear analysis of a cantilevered cylindrical shell. Shows that, while the fine‐mesh solution involves no limit points, as the mesh is coarsened, an increasing series of “false limit points” is encountered.

Presents an implementation of continuation methods in the context of a code for flexible multibody systems analysis. These systems are characterized by the simultaneous presence of elastic deformation terms and rigid constraints. In our formulation, the latter terms are introduced by an augmented Lagrangian technique, resulting in the presence of Lagrange multipliers in the set of unknowns, together with displacement and rotation associated terms. Essential aspects for a successful implementation are discussed: e.g. the selection of an appropriate metric for computing the path following constraint, a flexible description of control parameters which accounts for conservative and nonconservative loads, imposed displacements and imposed temperatures (dilatation effects), and the inclusion of second order derivatives of rigid constraints in the Jacobian. A large set of examples is presented, with the objective of evaluating the numerical effectiveness of the implemented schemes.

An interface finite element for three‐dimensional problems based on the penalty method is presented. The proposed element can model joints/interfaces between solid finite elements and also includes the propagation of damage in pure mode I, pure mode II and mixed mode considering a softening relationship between the stresses and relative displacements. Two different contact conditions are considered: point‐to‐point constraint for closed points (not satisfying the failure criterion) and point‐to‐surface constraint for opened points. The performance of the element is tested under mode I, mode II and mixed mode loading conditions.

Gives a bibliographical review of the finite element methods (FEMs) applied for the linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic analyses of basic structural elements from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. The range of applications of FEMs in this area is wide and cannot be presented in a single paper; therefore aims to give the reader an encyclopaedic view on the subject. The bibliography at the end of the paper contains 2,025 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations dealing with the analysis of beams, columns, rods, bars, cables, discs, blades, shafts, membranes, plates and shells that were published in 1992‐1995.