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Book part
Publication date: 20 December 2000

WHEN DOES RACE MATTER?

Cassia Spohn and Miriam DeLone

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Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-6136(2000)0000002005
ISBN: 978-1-84950-889-6

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Book part
Publication date: 30 June 2017

Policing Pleasure: A Sociolegal Framework for Understanding the Social Control of Desire

Elizabeth Chiarello

The United States has an uncomfortable relationship with pleasure. Cultural ambivalence is evident in discourses surrounding pleasure and the labeling and treatment of…

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Abstract

The United States has an uncomfortable relationship with pleasure. Cultural ambivalence is evident in discourses surrounding pleasure and the labeling and treatment of those who act on their desires. Pleasure seeking, generally understood in moral terms, is often medicalized and criminalized (as in the case of pregnancy prevention and drug use), placing questions of how to manage pleasure under the purview of medical and legal actors. At the macrolevel, institutions police pleasure via rules, patterns of action, and logics, while at the microlevel, frontline workers police pleasure via daily decisions about resource distribution. This chapter develops a sociolegal framework for understanding the social control of pleasure by analyzing how two institutions – medicine and criminal justice – police pleasure institutionally and interactionally. Conceptualizing medicine and criminal justice as paternalistic institutions acting as arbiters of morality, I demonstrate how these institutions address two cases of pleasure seeking – drug use and sex – by drawing examples from contemporary drug and reproductive health policy. Section one highlights shared institutional mechanisms of policing pleasure across medicine and criminal justice such as categorization, allocation of professional power, and the structuring of legitimate consequences for pleasure seeking. Section two demonstrates how frontline workers in each field act as moral gatekeepers as they interpret and construct institutional imperatives while exercising discretion about resource allocation in daily practice. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how understanding institutional and interactional policing of pleasure informs sociolegal scholarship about the relationships between medicine and criminal justice and the mechanisms by which institutions and frontline workers act as agents of social control.

Details

Studies in Law, Politics, and Society
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1059-433720170000073006
ISBN: 978-1-78714-811-6

Keywords

  • Social control
  • institutions
  • pleasure
  • medicine
  • criminal justice
  • discretion

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Article
Publication date: 3 December 2018

Minority threat, community disadvantage and sentencing

Christine L. Arazan

Prior studies of criminal sentencing have largely focused on individual-level predictors of sentencing outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of a…

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Abstract

Purpose

Prior studies of criminal sentencing have largely focused on individual-level predictors of sentencing outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of a variety of theoretically derived community measurements of social threat and disadvantage on the criminal sentencing of convicted felons. This analysis permits an evaluation of whether legal ideals such as equality before the law and policy goals of equal treatment for like offenders are achieved.

Design/methodology/approach

The study examines data of individuals sentenced in the state of Florida and community level measurements of racial and ethnic threat and community disadvantage. Hierarchical generalized linear model is used to analyze the effect of these measures on the dichotomous in/out imprisonment variable, and standard hierarchical linear regression analysis is used to model the continuous dependent variable of sentence length.

Findings

The results provide support for the racial threat perspective though not for ethnic threat nor community disadvantage. The findings and their implications are discussed in terms of theory, research and policy.

Practical implications

Racial disparity in criminal justice practices is receiving increasing public and policy attention, as evidenced by the growing Black Lives Matter movement. Regarding sentencing, racial disparity remains a major research and policy question. While the current research and theoretical literature on sentencing is not conclusive, it is clear that race matters. As a result, racial disparity in sentencing needs to be a priority in subsequent “transitional criminology” efforts between researchers and policy makers to identify, explain and ultimately predict exactly how race impacts sentencing, and how to reduce it as a consideration from sentencing.

Originality/value

This study contributes to a growing body of literature that examines the social context of punishments by using several community level measurements of threat and disadvantage, while modeling the two-step sentencing outcome of imprisonment and sentence length.

Details

Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, vol. 4 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRPP-02-2018-0009
ISSN: 2056-3841

Keywords

  • Sentencing
  • Multilevel
  • Minority threat
  • Community disadvantage
  • Imprisonment
  • Sentence length

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Book part
Publication date: 1 December 2014

Bringing an End to the School to Prison Pipeline in the Age of “Post-Racialism”

Marwin J. Spiller and Jeffrey Porter

The drive to improve learning and safety in our nation’s public schools has resulted in the widespread adoption of zero-tolerance disciplinary policies. The practice of…

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Purpose

The drive to improve learning and safety in our nation’s public schools has resulted in the widespread adoption of zero-tolerance disciplinary policies. The practice of punishing any school infraction regardless of extenuating circumstances has been particularly detrimental to students of color. Black and Latino students are more likely to be suspended, expelled, and/or referred to law enforcement for nonviolent and/or minor infractions. Students who are removed from school fall behind academically and have an increased risk of being arrested and thrust into the criminal justice system. This reality has moved the Obama administration to urge school officials to abandon overly zealous disciplinary policies. However, the recommendations set forth by the Obama administration are nonbinding and fail to address the root causes of racially discriminatory school discipline practices.

Findings

Any meaningful effort to understand and/or disrupt the pattern of pushing students out of schools and funneling them into the criminal justice system must consider the adverse effects of the following three factors: (1) unchecked racial biases among school personnel, (2) inadequately resourced poor performing schools, and (3) the ever-expanding economic inequality in society. Omitting of any of these items from the guidelines and recommendations represents a glaring limitation of the Supportive School Discipline Initiative as a tool for addressing racial disparities in school discipline and the school to prison pipeline.

Originality/value

We aim to show that students of color would benefit from “need-based” educational reforms, a Presidential Administration that directly addresses racial inequality, and economic policies that target the most financially strapped communities.

Details

The Obama Administration and Educational Reform
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-358X20130000010004
ISBN: 978-1-78350-709-2

Keywords

  • School-to-prison
  • zero tolerance
  • racial-neutral policies
  • school policies
  • racial disparities
  • Obama administration

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Book part
Publication date: 25 May 2017

Justice, Social Control, and Social Inequality: Framing the U.S. Juvenile Justice System’s Racial and Ethnic Disparities

Brian J. Smith

This chapter harnesses Western conceptions of justice, traditional justifications of social control, and existing social inequalities to frame and fully understand the…

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Abstract

Purpose

This chapter harnesses Western conceptions of justice, traditional justifications of social control, and existing social inequalities to frame and fully understand the racial and ethnic disparities which constitute the U.S. juvenile justice system.

Methodology/approach

Juvenile justice system disparities are framed within the theoretical contexts of Western conceptions of justice, traditional justifications of social control, and social inequality. The chapter’s perspective is based on these concepts of justice, social control justifications, and evidence from scholarly research on juvenile justice system disparities.

Findings

Overall, the U.S. juvenile justice system’s racial and ethnic disparities violate fundamental concepts of justice, traditional justifications of social control, and exacerbate existing social inequalities.

Originality/value

Through its utilization of Western conceptions of justice and social control justifications, this chapter offers a relatively unique framework for the examination of the U.S. juvenile justice system’s racial and ethnic disparities. While recognizing the overall quality and significance of disparities research, the chapter asks the reader to take a step back, and look at and think about the broader justice and inequality contexts.

Details

Race, Ethnicity and Law
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-613620170000022018
ISBN: 978-1-78714-604-4

Keywords

  • Juvenile justice
  • social control
  • social inequality
  • race
  • ethnicity

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Book part
Publication date: 1 October 2008

Considering violentization toward the societal scale

M. Spohn

A number of international relations' mid-level theories about violence are inadequate to the task of explaining societal and group violence. Many of these theories, for…

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Abstract

A number of international relations' mid-level theories about violence are inadequate to the task of explaining societal and group violence. Many of these theories, for example, confuse causality with correlation, or breakdown and then cannot explain why they fail. Building upon the theories of criminologist Lonnie Athens, both in their particulars and in their spirit of practical solution rather than entrenched debate, this article considers whether those theories of individual violence are suitable for extrapolation to the societal level. It explores some problems with the current theories in international relations, and reviews the theoretical foundations offered by Athens and some others, who have also laid strong groundwork for scaling Athens' theories to the societal level by considering their applications to communities. A number of those theories, although based upon analyses of individual dangerous violent criminals, lend themselves particularly well to groups and communities, suggesting strong suitability of scaling to these levels, and to the societal one as well. Also considering critiques of Athens' and Rhodes' work, this article ultimately argues that Athens' theories of violence, and those building upon them, constitute a strong foundation for theories of violence in international relations that relate to the societal scale.

Details

Studies in Symbolic Interaction
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-2396(08)31006-0
ISBN: 978-1-84855-125-1

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Book part
Publication date: 21 June 2006

WORK AND CRIME: CAN THE MISSING LINK BE UNDERSTOOD THROUGH MAX WEBER’S PROTESTANT ETHIC

Karl F. Schumann

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Sociological Theory and Criminological Research
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1521-6136(06)07002-3
ISBN: 978-0-85724-054-5

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Book part
Publication date: 1 October 2008

List of Contributors

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Studies in Symbolic Interaction
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-2396(08)31013-8
ISBN: 978-1-84855-125-1

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Book part
Publication date: 1 September 2008

Power, politics, and penality: Punitiveness as backlash in American democracies

Katherine Beckett and Angelina Godoy

Across the Americas, public discussions of crime and penal practices have become increasingly punitive even as political struggles have resulted in a broad shift toward…

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Across the Americas, public discussions of crime and penal practices have become increasingly punitive even as political struggles have resulted in a broad shift toward Constitutional democracy. In this chapter, we suggest that the spread of tough anti-crime talk and practice is, paradoxically, a response to efforts to expand and deepen democracy. Punitive crime talk is useful to political actors seeking to limit formal and social citizenship rights for several reasons. First, it ostensibly targets problematic behavior rather than particular social groups, and thus appears to be consistent with democratic norms. At the same time, crime talk often acquires coded meanings that enable those who mobilize it to tap into inter-group hostility, anxieties, and fear. In addition, the emphasis on the threat of crime and disorder offers those seeking to limit democratic expansion a way to legitimate truncated visions of the rights and entitlements of citizenship. Tough anti-crime rhetoric often resonates with those who have experienced or fear the loss of symbolic and/or material benefits as a result of democratic reform. In short, the broad shift toward hyper-penality is, at least in part, a consequence of struggles over political democracy, citizenship and governance across the Americas.

Details

Studies in Law, Politics and Society
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1059-4337(08)45004-4
ISBN: 978-1-84855-090-2

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Article
Publication date: 3 October 2016

Precision navigation system design for Moon penetrator

Xiaogang Wang, Wutao Qin, Yuliang Bai and Naigang Cui

Penetrator plays an important role in the exploration of Moon and Mars. The navigation method is a key technology during the development of penetrator. To meet the high…

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Purpose

Penetrator plays an important role in the exploration of Moon and Mars. The navigation method is a key technology during the development of penetrator. To meet the high accuracy requirements of Moon penetrator, this paper aims to propose two kinds of navigation systems.

Design/methodology/approach

The line of sight of vision sensor between the penetrator and Moon orbiter could be utilized as the measurement during the navigation system design. However, the analysis of observability shows that the navigation system cannot estimate the position and velocity of penetrator, when the line of sight measurement is the only resource of information. Therefore, the Doppler measurement due to the relative motion between penetrator and the orbiter is used as the supplement. The other option is the relative range measurement between penetrator and the orbiter. The sigma-point Kalman Filtering is implemented to fuse the information from the vision sensor and Doppler or rangefinder. The observability of two navigation system is analyzed.

Findings

The sigma-point Kalman filtering could be used based on vision sensor and Doppler radar or laser rangefinder to give an accurate estimation of Moon penetrator position and velocity without increasing the payload of Moon penetrator or decreasing the estimation accuracy. However, the simulation result shows that the last method is better. The observability analysis also proves this conclusion.

Practical implications

Two navigation systems are proposed, and the simulations show that both systems can provide accurate estimation of states of penetrator.

Originality/value

Two navigation methods are proposed, and the observability of these navigation systems is analyzed. The sigma-point Kalman filtering is first introduced to the vision-based navigation system for Moon penetrator to provide precision navigation during the descent phase of Moon penetrator.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 88 no. 6
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-04-2015-0111
ISSN: 1748-8842

Keywords

  • Line of sight
  • Moon penetrator
  • Sigma-point Kalman filtering

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