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Article
Publication date: 18 March 2019

How confusion impacts product labeling perceptions

M. Paula Fitzgerald, Karen Russo Donovan, Jeremy Kees and John Kozup

Consumer confusion is an often discussed, but seldom investigated, construct central to marketing. This study aims to conceptualize consumer confusion as an intellectual…

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Abstract

Purpose

Consumer confusion is an often discussed, but seldom investigated, construct central to marketing. This study aims to conceptualize consumer confusion as an intellectual emotion with cognitive and emotional components, and examine it in the context of qualified health claims and conflicting marketplace information.

Design/methodology/approach

A between-subjects experimental design is used to test the hypotheses.

Findings

Structural equation modeling suggests that weak science discussions and conflicting information on dietary supplements evoke consumer confusion. Confusion, in turn, impacts scientific certainty perceptions, product quality and firm credibility. Incorporating confusion measures in theoretical models significantly increases the amount of variance explained in consumer perceptions. Implications are offered for businesses, consumer behaviorists and public policymakers.

Originality/value

It is hard to think about many of marketing’s focal issues (e.g. trademark theory, disclosures and warnings, advertising deception, search and shopping behavior) without using the term confusion. While confusion is central to discussions of these domains, it has evaded focused attention and study. Indeed, no previous research in marketing has directly addressed the experience of consumer confusion per se. The current research fills a gap in the marketing literature by explicitly defining the construct of confusion and offering a measurement approach that is easily adapted to many business/consumer interactions. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate the role of confusion in the context of qualified health claims by showing how conflicting information between health claims, qualifiers and external information can create confusion, and in turn, lead to negative consumer perceptions.

Details

Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 36 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-08-2017-2307
ISSN: 0736-3761

Keywords

  • Health claims
  • Consumer confusion
  • Dietary supplements
  • Product labeling
  • Product perception

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Article
Publication date: 6 June 2016

The changing landscape of off-label prescription drug promotion: Opportunities to improve decision-making

Matthew E. Sarkees and M. Paula Fitzgerald

Off-label drug prescribing by healthcare providers is a growing practice. Yet, the US Food and Drug Administration bans the marketing of drugs for off-label uses. In…

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Abstract

Purpose

Off-label drug prescribing by healthcare providers is a growing practice. Yet, the US Food and Drug Administration bans the marketing of drugs for off-label uses. In recent years, legal challenges by the pharmaceutical industry have chipped away government restrictions on off-label drug promotion. Although the changing legal landscape has been discussed, this paper aims to examine how key stakeholders and policy-makers might interact to provide a more transparent marketing environment for off-label drug discussions in the patient–provider relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on a variety of sources, the authors assess the current marketing landscape of off-label drugs and some of the issues that challenge the healthcare provider–patient relationship. The authors then examine opportunities to improve the off-label promotion environment and the relevant decision-making theories that key stakeholders need to consider when formulating marketing efforts and policies.

Findings

The authors suggest that fewer restrictions on truthful, non-misleading off-label drug promotion provide an opportunity to improve drug knowledge and, importantly, healthcare provider and consumer decision-making. Key stakeholders should consider, among other solutions, criteria for defining truthful information on off-label drugs, alternative methods of approval of off-label uses and ubiquitous icons to identify off-label prescribing to all stakeholders.

Originality/value

Rather than rehash the legal landscape of off-label drug promotion, this paper focuses on how the healthcare provider–patient relationship is impacted and how stakeholders can improve information flow in this changing environment.

Details

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, vol. 10 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPHM-08-2015-0042
ISSN: 1750-6123

Keywords

  • Healthcare
  • Pharmaceutical marketing
  • Off-label promotion
  • Consumer decisions

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Article
Publication date: 3 June 2014

Extended self: implications for country-of-origin

Annie Peng Cui, M. Paula Fitzgerald and Karen Russo Donovan

This paper aims to examine country-of-origin (COO) effects from the theoretical angle of extended self and “otherness”. Traditional COO perspectives view COO as an…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to examine country-of-origin (COO) effects from the theoretical angle of extended self and “otherness”. Traditional COO perspectives view COO as an important quality-related, informational cue used to form product evaluations, develop preferences and make purchase decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

An experiment was conducted with the COO of a fresh milk product manipulated to examine these predictions. Data were collected from four samples, Americans living in the USA, Americans living in China, Chinese living in China and Chinese living in the USA.

Findings

Results found that COO effects were stronger when consumers felt greater animosity toward the foreign country, were more ethnocentric and were less acculturated (i.e. conceptualized as a less expanded self). Additionally, negative product events were interpreted in light of self, in that reactions to an adverse act were stronger when “others” committed the act. American consumers living abroad were more heavily influenced by COO effects, and evidence suggests that this effect occurred because these Americans had a less expanded self than their Chinese counterparts.

Originality/value

This study provides a unique angle which leads to a deeper understanding of COO effects which augments the traditional match hypothesis. Specifically, COO effects are stronger, the smaller one’s extended self (greater animosity and ethnocentrism, less acculturation), and that wrongdoings are interpreted in light of self (i.e. reaction to an adverse act is stronger when “others” commit the act). Few studies to date have focused on these factors as layers of armor that consumers use to protect their self and extended self-image in a cross-cultural context.

Details

Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 31 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-01-2014-0820
ISSN: 0736-3761

Keywords

  • Culture
  • Country-of-origin effects
  • Cultural assimilation
  • Extended self

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1991

Identifying mature segments

Paula Fitzgerald Bone

Examines the mature market, defined as consumers age 50 years orolder, and reviews 33 segmentation methods for the mature market andidentifies five key segmentation…

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Abstract

Examines the mature market, defined as consumers age 50 years or older, and reviews 33 segmentation methods for the mature market and identifies five key segmentation criteria: discretionary income, health, activity level, discretionary time, and response to others. Integrates methods devised by other researchers and provides marketers with a step‐by‐step, actionable segmentation method based on these five criteria. Offers implications for managers.

Details

Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 8 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/07363769110035126
ISSN: 0736-3761

Keywords

  • Age groups
  • Market research
  • Market segmentation

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Article
Publication date: 30 October 2009

Guest editorial

Paula Hyde

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Journal of Health Organization and Management, vol. 23 no. 6
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/jhom.2009.02523faa.001
ISSN: 1477-7266

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Book part
Publication date: 2 February 2015

Changing Union Representation Election Voting Regimes: What Can We Learn?

Steven E. Abraham, Lisa A. Schur and Paula B. Voos

In 2010, the National Mediation Board (NMB) decided to base Railway Labor Act representation election outcomes on a simple majority of those voting, rather than on the…

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Abstract

In 2010, the National Mediation Board (NMB) decided to base Railway Labor Act representation election outcomes on a simple majority of those voting, rather than on the majority of all eligible voters, as had been required earlier. This was widely expected to make it easier for unions to win rights to recognition in the railway and airline industries. We demonstrate that investors expected that this change would favor unions, just as they earlier had expected rule changes that made voting easier (in 2002 and 2007) to be favorable to unions, affecting stock prices of railway and airline corporations. After the 2010 change in election procedure, between 77% and 91% of all eligible employees returned ballots in NMB elections, demonstrating that a significant portion of nonvoters were not opposed to union representation, but simply were unwilling or were unable to vote. We conclude that the current voting process is fairer than the old one. However, it has not resulted in a tide of union success in these representation elections. Apparently scholars, the parties themselves, and investors all over-estimated the practical consequences of changing NMB representation election procedures.

Details

Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-618620140000021002
ISBN: 978-1-78441-380-4

Keywords

  • Event study
  • voting methods
  • representation elections

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Article
Publication date: 11 September 2007

Human resource management and performance in healthcare organisations

Claire Harris, Penny Cortvriend and Paula Hyde

The purpose of this paper is to compare the evidence from a range of reviews concerned with the links between human resource management (HRM) and performance. The aim of…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare the evidence from a range of reviews concerned with the links between human resource management (HRM) and performance. The aim of the paper is to review this diverse literature, and to derive human resource (HR) implications for healthcare researchers, policy makers and managers.

Design/methodology/approach

Recent reviews of the human resource management and performance literature are examined, in addition to the inclusion of a previously unpublished review. Their methods, HRM focus, findings and recommendations are contrasted in order to produce this review.

Findings

The paper finds that relationships have been found between a range of HRM practices, policies systems and performance. Despite being an important concern for HR professionals, there is little research exploring the link between HRM and performance in the health sector.

Research limitations/implications

The paper sees that recent studies have found HRM practices to be associated with patient outcomes such as mortality, yet they yield little information regarding the processes through which HRM affects individual performance and its consequent impact on patient care. The use of approaches that seek to gain an understanding of workers' interpretations of their experience, i.e. the psychological process through which HRM can affect individual performance, may shed some light on how these processes work in practice.

Practical implications

The paper shows that increasing autonomy for healthcare organisations in the UK, i.e. Foundation Trusts, may offer increased opportunity for locally tailored HR systems and practices.

Originality/value

The paper presents findings drawn from a review of previous research on a subject of increasing relevance to HR researchers and practitioners in healthcare organisations. The paper indicates alternative approaches to research and practice in light of extant research.

Details

Journal of Health Organization and Management, vol. 21 no. 4/5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14777260710778961
ISSN: 1477-7266

Keywords

  • Human resource management
  • National Health Service
  • Performance management

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Article
Publication date: 1 December 2005

‘Health has no Borders’: Cape Verdean Immigrants in the Netherlands and the Transnational Quest for Health Care Across Europe

Cláudia de Freitas

This paper addresses access to formal health care among Cape Verdean immigrants in the Netherlands, and their transnational health‐seeking process in other European…

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Abstract

This paper addresses access to formal health care among Cape Verdean immigrants in the Netherlands, and their transnational health‐seeking process in other European countries. Three barriers hindering Cape Verdeans' access to care have been identified: lack of information about the health services available, problems in the relationship with health providers and difficulties in dealing with the conditionality of help. These problems are deeply intertwined, and relate to two sets of factors. At the macro‐level these include the organisational and structural characteristics of the Dutch health care system. At the micro‐level, the problems concern the mismatch between users' and providers' expectations of health care provision.Despite the barriers encountered, Cape Verdeans strive to benefit from good health. The informants in this study employ two sorts of strategy to access good health care. On the one hand, they try to adapt their help‐seeking behaviour to the model prevalent in the Netherlands. On the other, they resort to transnational health care use in other European countries, including Portugal and France. These strategies prove Cape Verdeans' resilience in finding the care that is most appropriate to their needs.

Details

International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, vol. 1 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17479894200500004
ISSN: 1747-9894

Keywords

  • Cape Verdeans
  • Access to health care
  • Transnational health care seeking

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 2003

MNEs, globalisation and digital economy: legal and economic aspects

Georgios I. Zekos

Aim of the present monograph is the economic analysis of the role of MNEs regarding globalisation and digital economy and in parallel there is a reference and examination…

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Abstract

Aim of the present monograph is the economic analysis of the role of MNEs regarding globalisation and digital economy and in parallel there is a reference and examination of some legal aspects concerning MNEs, cyberspace and e‐commerce as the means of expression of the digital economy. The whole effort of the author is focused on the examination of various aspects of MNEs and their impact upon globalisation and vice versa and how and if we are moving towards a global digital economy.

Details

Managerial Law, vol. 45 no. 1/2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090550310770875
ISSN: 0309-0558

Keywords

  • Globalization
  • Digital marketing
  • Electronic commerce

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Article
Publication date: 28 August 2007

Making a difference: implementing the eprints mandate at QUT

Tom Cochrane and Paula Callan

The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of a university‐wide deposit mandate on the self‐archiving practices of academics and to show how a mandate can make a…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of a university‐wide deposit mandate on the self‐archiving practices of academics and to show how a mandate can make a positive difference.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper explains the genesis of the eprints mandate at QUT and outlines the response of the academics to the endorsement of the policy. The implementation of the mandate is then examined in detail, including discussion and evaluation of specific implementation strategies and practices.

Findings

The experience of Queensland University of Technology suggests that a university‐wide eprints mandate definitely increases the rate of self‐archiving. Cultural and organisation change takes time, even with a mandate. Advocacy initiatives and implementation strategies have to be aligned with current skills and needs of the researchers. For a self‐deposit system to be successful, the barriers need to be as low as possible.

Originality/value

Institutional repository administrators should consider creating a scaffolded deposit system that is fast, intuitive and requires only basic technology skills. The efforts of early adopters should be recognised as publicly as possible. Evidence of success is the best form of persuasion.

Details

OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives, vol. 23 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/10650750710776396
ISSN: 1065-075X

Keywords

  • Archiving
  • Universities
  • Australia

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