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The purpose of this paper is to use the wavelet neural network and genetic algorithm to study the effects of polyalphaolefin, TMP108 and OCP0016 on the kinematic viscosity, viscosity index and pour point of lubricating oil.

Wavelet neural network is used to train the known samples, test the unknown samples and compare the obtained results with those obtained with a traditional empirical formula.

It is found that the wavelet neural network prediction value is closer to the experimental value than the traditional empirical formula calculation value.

The results show that the wavelet neural network can be used to study the physical and chemical indexes of lubricating oil.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and analyze lube oil performance. The plant experience shows that the oil, even after completion of a number of hours of recommended operation, has some residual life. It is desirable to maximize its use to conserve this scarce resource but avoid failures. At present, continuation or change of the oil is decided, based on the manufacturer's recommendation and experience in the plant. The suggested oil change period is conservative and results in non‐efficient usage of oil. This practice needs refinement to include all possible properties/attributes of oil and use of appropriate procedure to assess its realistic performance.

Parameter profile approach (PPA) is applied to evaluate and analyze the lubricating oil performance parameters.

Physical and chemical properties related to degradation of the lube oil are considered as lubricating oil performance parameters. The value of these performance parameters from time to time, obtained by analyzing samples drawn from the system, are analyzed through PPA. In this approach, mean, median, performance parameter index and time performance index are defined and evaluated at different time intervals. The suggested procedure is illustrated by means of an example.

The suggested procedure will be helpful for the maintenance personnel in planned oil replacement, and in identifying the weak oil properties in respect of the identified lube oil performance parameters.

Previous work has suggested that the adhesion between oil and metallic surfaces of an engine could be an important factor in determining crankcase cleanliness. It can be shown that it is only necessary to measure the spreading pressure of an oil on metal in order to get a direct measure of the work of adhesion, Surface tensions of lubrictaing oils vary very little and it can be assumed that the critical film pressure (C.F.P.) obtained with a given apparatus is an acceptable measure of the work of adhesion as well as of the spreading pressure. Oils of similar properties may vary tenfold in their C.F.P's. The addition of additives influences the spreading pressure, the largest increments in C.F.P. being given by dispersant and detergent additives.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate some cheap and highly stable additives to improve the quality of lubricating oil.

The study was performed using phenol, p‐cresol and pyrogallol as antioxidants. The concentration of each antioxidant was varied between 0 and 1 per cent. Sample (50 ml) blended with the antioxidant was taken in the same trap. The trap was placed on water both maintained at a temperature of 50°C. Air was bubbled for the time duration of 6 h. After 6 h, the contents of the trap were carefully collected and characterized. The oxidation was performed in a specially designed glass made U‐shaped trap in the absence and presence of antioxidants. The trap containing sample was tied with an iron stand. Air was bubbled through the sample. The bubbling was assisted by the suction pump at room temperate (24°C). The sample was aerated for time duration of 6 h. After 6 h, the contents of the trap were carefully collected in a dried bottle for physicochemical tests.

The results indicate that phenol is the best antioxidant in concentration of 0.5 per cent amongst the three antioxidants used at room temperature as well as at 50°C. Amongst the antioxidants used, the order of suitability is phenol > pyrogallol > p‐creosol.

The antioxidants studied will help increase the service time of the lubricant to save money and to avoid environmental problems arising from careless disposal of used lubricating oils.

Aiming at the high temperature, high speed, high precision and high surface quality of the copper belt cold rolling, the purpose of this paper is to develop a new type of lubricant for cold rolled copper belt.

The component of the developed oil was determined based on the physical and chemical properties of the base oil and the tribological properties, the oxidation resistance properties, the rust resistance properties, the anti-foam properties, the demulsibility and the other properties of the additives. The orthogonal experiment method was used to determine the optimum adding amount of the additives; finally, the developed oil formulation was determined.

The physical and chemical experiment results show that the developed oil has a good performance of oil film bearing capacity and oxidation resistance. The simulation of rolling experiment found that the developed oil can significantly reduce rolling pressure and effectively reduce the friction in the process of rolling.

The experimental results show that the developed oil has excellent performance and can meet the requirement of lubrication in the process of cold rolling copper belt.

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of research into using an additive to SAE 15W/40 engine oil during operation and its influence on lubricating properties (normalised tests) on weld point Pz, non-seizure load Pn, load wear index Ih and on seizure load Pt. The friction pair consisted of a group of four balls and the tested lubricant. Moreover, the author tested the influence of an additive to engine oil (non-normalised tests) on tribological properties, including friction force, wear and the temperature of friction area for the C45 steel/210Cr12 steel friction joint. She also determined the influence of an additive to engine oil on the formation of the operating surface layer. The research results helped to build the model of the boundary layer that was formed as a result of adding an additive to engine oil.

The lubricant properties of engine oil and engine oil to which an additive was added during operation were determined according to PN-76/C-04147. The following are the indexes of lubricant properties: weld point Pz, load wear index Ih, non-seizure load Pn, seizure load and average scar diameter. The Pz, Pn and Ih indexes were determined at abruptly increasing load to the moment of welding of the friction pair. The Pt index was determined at the increasing load of the friction pair from 0 to 800 daN at the speed of 408.8 N/s. The tests of tribological properties (friction force, wear and the temperature of friction area) were conducted for the C45/210 Cr12 friction pair in the presence of a lubricant and a lubricant with an additive.

The modification of SAE 15W/40 engine oil with the additive added during operation resulted in improved indexes of lubricant properties Pz, Pn, Ih and Pt and average scar diameter. The boundary layer for the modified oil breaks after a longer time and at lesser friction force. The modification of the engine oil reduced the wear of the friction pair. After the friction process, element composition in the surface layer of the wear trace and its distribution were determined in relation to applied lubricants. A significant amount of sulphur, phosphorus and oxygen, as well as an insignificant amount of copper, was observed in the wear trace after the friction process in the presence of the lubricant medium. The distribution of elements in the wear trace when the engine oil with the additive was used is steady in the wear trace and outside it. Some sulphur, phosphorus and chlorine were found in the wear trace.

The results of tests on tribological properties (non-normalised tests) confirmed the positive affect of the additive to engine oil on lubricant properties (normalised tests). The modification of the engine oil caused reduced friction force and the reduced wear of the friction pair. The reduction of friction force and wear was the result of the formation of the surface of a greater amplitude density of unevenness tops in the friction process. Moreover, the operating surface layer, created in the friction process when the additive was added to the engine oil, had greater load participation at 50 per cent C. This operational surface layer improved tribological properties, i.e. it reduced value of friction force and wear. The test results were used to build a model of the boundary layer created as a result of the additive added to engine oil.

The plant experience shows that the oil comes in contact with the operator and maintenance personnel during handling, storage and delivery. The health problems arising from their long‐term use are acute rather than immediate. Immediate health problems are caused by sudden and severe exposure and rapid absorption of the substance. Researchers have identified the hazards and their related health problems for different types of lubricating oils in use. However, there is not much application of any scientific method solidus mathematical modeling in assessing the safety qualitatively/quantitatively and considering the health problems related to lube oil in use. The main purpose of this study is to assess the safety of the lubricating oil in operation.

AHP and vector projection approach is applied to evaluate and analyze the lubricating oil from a safety point of view by considering identified safety attributes.

Physical and chemical properties that affect human, environment and system are considered to be the safety attributes of the lube oil. The normalized values of these safety attributes are analyzed through a vector projection approach. In this approach, module, cosine of angle and projection are defined and evaluated at different time intervals. The projection is related to module and cosine of angle is related to safety of lubricant. The suggested procedure is illustrated by means of an example.

The suggested procedure is useful for comparing various alternatives of the lube oil with an ideal alternative and helps in selecting the safest alternative among all possible choices.

Oleochemicals can be made from the components of renewable animal, marine and vegetable oils and fats. This oleochemical group of products is a large one, comprising fatty acids, glycerol and numerous derivatives of these including fatty alcohols, fatty esters, and nitrogen‐, phosphorus‐and sulphur‐containing materials. Polyoxyalkylated end products from the above, from heavy metal and water‐soluble soaps, epoxidised chemicals, polymer components, and the quarternary ammonium compounds are found. The oleochemicals of interest to the lubricants manufacturer are those which function in some specific manner. Anti‐corrosive, anti‐oxidant, anti‐squawk, anti‐stick, anti‐sludge, anti‐wear detergent, dispersant and oiliness agents, pour point depressants and viscosity modifying materials, are examples.

Studies samples of different used lubricating oils. Details how their physico‐chemical characteristics were determined by the use of modern instrumental analytical techniques; and how different standard separation techniques were used to separate the unused base oil and other components from the collected samples for characterization. Discusses the different re‐refining procedures available in the literature and highlights the merits and demerits of different re‐refining techniques. Concludes that re‐refining of used oil will conserve resources and help to preserve the environment.

The Friedel-Crafts alkylation of biphenyl with 1-octene was completed using methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as catalyst.

Single factor experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the molar ratio of biphenyl to 1-octene, the amount of MSA, reaction temperature and reaction time on the olefins conversion and the yield of product to obtain the optimal reaction conditions. Under the optimum conditions, a lubricating base stock was synthesized, and its physical, chemical and electrical properties were determined.

The experimental results showed that after a 5 h reaction time at 353 K, the olefins conversion of 94.9 per cent and the yield of product of 69.3 per cent were obtained with a molar ratio of biphenyl to 1-octene of 1.2 and a molar ratio of MSA to 1-octene of 1. Under the optimum conditions, a lubricating base stock was synthesized, and its physical, chemical and electrical properties were determined. The results suggested that the synthetic base stock could be used as refrigeration oil.

In this manuscript, biphenyl was alkylated with 1-octene using MSA as the catalyst and 2.6-di-t-butylphenol as polymerization inhibitor. Compared with traditional catalysts, it has so many advantages as low tendency to oxidize organic compounds, low toxicity and less corrosion. In addition, it can be readily separated from the reaction mixture and can be reused. Moreover, MSA is an environmentally friendly material.