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Restorative experiences relieve fatigue or stress, leading people to feel more energetic. Activation theory and the nature–dose framework hold travel duration as a crucial influence on restorative effects, yet these factors may not demonstrate a simple linear relationship. This paper, thus, aims to explore the relationship between travel duration and restoration based on a survey conducted during a seven-day holiday (the longitudinal data spanned two months); and explore the reasons for this relationship and the mechanisms for lasting restorative effects based on diary analysis.

Mixed methods were used in this study. Questionnaires regarding restorative effects were administered to 232 people at six time points before, during and after a holiday. Participants were also asked to keep a diary during their trips. Data were first tested for common method bias and were then processed via independent sample t-tests, analysis of variance and time-series analysis.

Restorative effects were consistently higher in the travel group than in the non-travel group. Additionally, an inverted U-shaped relationship emerged between travel duration and the restorative effects of a holiday; a moderate duration had stronger restorative effects than a duration that was too long or too short. More importantly, the study found that participants who traveled for a moderate duration (longer or shorter) engaged in non-judgmental challenging (relaxing) activities at least once. They also demonstrated greater eudaimonism (hedonism) and stronger, more sustained restoration versus the original set point. In addition, results revealed how travel activities, emotions, moderators and restorative effects were constructed.

Longitudinal data indicated an inverted U-shaped relationship between travel duration and restoration. Achieving lasting restorative effects requires effort and non-judgmental challenging activities for a moderate travel duration and frequency. The study uncovered mechanisms influencing the relationship between travel experiences and restorative effects. The results offer guidance for research on “travel prescriptions” and for the health and stress relief market.

Inverted U-shaped curve for different travel durations and restorative effects at T3.

The non-judgmental challenging group showed lasting and stronger restorative effects over the next two months.

恢复性体验是指从疲劳或压力状态恢复到感觉更好或更有活力的状态。基于激活理论和自然剂量框架, 旅行停留时长是恢复效果的一个关键变量, 但两者之间可能并不是简单的线性关系。本文旨在（1）基于两个月的纵向数据, 探讨固定假期旅行停留时长与恢复效果之间的关系; （2）根据假期日记内容进一步分析以上关系产生的可能原因及达到持久恢复效果的作用关系。

该研究采用了混合方法。在度假前、度假中和度假后的六个纵向时间点, 对232人进行了与恢复效果有关的问卷调查。且参与者在整个假期中每天记日记。对数据进行了常见方法偏倚、独立样本t检验、方差分析和时间序列分析。

（1）在整个调查期间, 旅行组的恢复效果始终高于非旅行组; （2）旅行停留时长与恢复效果之间的关系呈倒U型, 适度的旅行停留时长可以得到更好的恢复效果; （3）适度（太长或太短）旅行停留时长的参与者更多地参与非评判的挑战性（享乐性）的活动, 表现出更大的实现主义（享乐主义）倾向, 并获得了更强、更持久的恢复效果。进一步地, 研究结果揭示了旅游活动类型、情绪、调节变量和恢复性效果之间的作用关系。

纵向数据分析表明旅行停留时长和恢复效果之间呈现倒U型, 要实现持久的恢复效果需要努力参与非评判的挑战性活动。这项研究揭示了旅行体验和恢复效果之间的关系, 研究结果为促进旅游成为健康和压力缓解市场的处方提供了理论基础和实践指导。

Las experiencias reparadoras alivian la fatiga o el estrés, haciendo que las personas se sientan con más energía. La teoría de la activación y el marco naturaleza-dosis sostienen que la duración del viaje es una influencia crucial en los efectos reconstituyentes que provocan en las personas, aunque estos factores pueden no demostrar una relación lineal simple. Así pues, este artículo pretende 1) explorar la relación entre la duración del viaje y la recuperación de las personas, a partir de una encuesta realizada durante unas vacaciones de 7 días (los datos longitudinales abarcaron dos meses); y 2) explorar las razones de esta relación y los mecanismos de los efectos reparadores duraderos a partir del análisis de diarios.

En este estudio se utilizaron métodos mixtos. Se administraron cuestionarios sobre los efectos reconstituyentes a 232 personas en seis momentos antes, durante y después de unas vacaciones. También se pidió a los participantes que llevaran un diario durante sus viajes. En primer lugar, se comprobó que los datos no presentaran sesgos por métodos comunes y, a continuación, se procesaron mediante pruebas t de muestras independientes, análisis de la varianza y análisis de series temporales.

Los efectos reparadores fueron sistemáticamente mayores en el grupo que viajó que en el que no viajó. Además, surgió una relación en forma de U invertida entre la duración del viaje y los efectos reconstituyentes de las vacaciones; una duración moderada tuvo efectos reparadores más fuertes que una duración demasiado larga o corta. Por último, los participantes que viajaron durante una duración moderada (más larga o más corta) realizaron más actividades estimulantes no perjudiciales (relajantes). También demostraron un mayor eudaimonismo (hedonismo) y una recuperación más fuerte y sostenida en comparación con el punto de partida inicial. Los resultados revelaron cómo se relacionaban las actividades de viaje, las emociones, los moderadores y los efectos reparadores.

Los datos longitudinales indicaron una relación en forma de U invertida entre la duración del viaje y la recuperación de las personas. Lograr efectos reparadores duraderos requiere esfuerzo y actividades para una duración moderada del viaje. El estudio descubrió mecanismos que influyen en la relación entre las experiencias de viaje y los efectos reconstituyentes. Los resultados ofrecen orientaciones para la investigación sobre las “recetas de viaje” y para el mercado de la salud y el alivio del estrés.

Development of competencies needed to be effective managers and leaders requires program design and teaching methods focused on learning. The paper presents an update and a view of 20 years of attempting to develop these competencies.

A total of 14 longitudinal studies of the impact of a particular MBA program on developing emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies are reviewed. Three new studies are to complete a 20‐year perspective. This is a value added design. It asks how are the graduates different from when they entered the program?

Emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies that predict effectiveness in management and leadership can be developed in adults through a graduate management program. These improvements can sustain out as far as seven years. But this degree of value added can be eroded by a tumultuous organizational climate.

It is a series of 17 longitudinal studies on one school. With support from four studies of a program for 45‐65 year‐old executives.

Competencies needed to be effective can be developed. But that development can be eroded without continuous improvement and renewal.

Few sets of multiyear, multi‐cohort, multi‐method, multitrait studies exist. This helps to build a new literature on learning and development, as well as focusing on development of competencies.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the violence-reduction effects following an FBI-led gang takedown in South Central Los Angeles.

The time series impact of the intervention was estimated using a Bayesian diffusion-regression state-space model designed to infer a causal effect of an intervention using data from a similar (non-targeted) gang area as a control.

A statistically significant 22 percent reduction in violent crime was observed, a reduction that lasted at least nine months after the interdiction.

The research method does make assumptions about the equivalency of the control area, though statistical checks are employed to confirm the control area crime rate trended similarly to the target area prior to the intervention.

The paper demonstrates a minimum nine-month benefit to a gang takedown in the target area, suggesting that relatively long-term benefits from focused law enforcement activity are possible.

Longer-term crime reduction beyond just the day of the intervention can aid communities struggling with high crime and rampant gang activity.

Few FBI-led gang task force interventions have been studied for their crime reduction benefit at the neighborhood level. This study adds to that limited literature. It also introduces a methodology that can incorporate crime rates from a control area into the analysis, and overcome some limitations imposed by ARIMA modeling.

The purpose of this study is to document how restaurant’s business-to-consumer communication strategies evolved on Facebook over time and how consumers’ reactions to a variety of Facebook messages changed over time.

This study analyzed 2,463 Facebook messages posted by seven quick-service restaurant chains and three casual-dining restaurant chains in the fourth quarter of 2010, 2012 and 2014. ANOVA and post hoc t-test were used to compare the differences among four media types (photo, status update, video and hyperlink) in terms of their usage by companies and Facebook users’ reactions to these messages (measured by number of “Likes”, number of comments and number of shares).

Over the three periods of time under observation, there is a substantial decrease of status updates by restaurants and a dramatic increase of photo updates. Photo remained as the most “popular” media type, receiving most “Likes”, comments and shares from consumers. Video was not considered “popular” in 2010 but experienced a slight increase in usage and slowly emerged in 2012 and 2014 as another “popular” media, which no longer had statistical difference with photo in number of comments and shares.

Some limitations include an under representable sample and its longitudinal design, but the findings provide additional insight to current literature in social media.

A series of suggestions were advanced from the findings to help hospitality managers better engage Facebook users.

This is probably the first time-series or longitudinal-like analysis in social media research and yields meaningful findings.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution of political and economic institutions, their persistence and interdependence and their effects on economic progress in Mozambique.

Using a unique data set, which has developed detailed long-run indices of institutional change in Mozambique from 1900 onwards, the research utilizes time-series econometrics to estimate cointegration relations and Vector Autoregressive and Vector Error Correction models, and also Granger causality, correlation and residual analysis when interpreting the estimation results.

It shows support for path dependence in political and economic institutions as well as the critical juncture theory and modernization hypothesis, and for webs of association between these institutions and economic development. It provides evidence of an equilibrium-dependent process, where history does matter (as do early conditions), and whose impact may differ depending on the nature of institutional arrangements. Various institutions created during colonial times have a bearing on the present state of institutions in Mozambique, as reflected in important continuities regarding the forms of political economy, among others.

The work contributes to existing research not only through the employment of a new set of institutional measures, which allows for a particularly long time-series investigation in a developing country setting, but also through its contribution to studies on modernization and critical junctures but in a longitudinal manner which allows for the exploration of complex dynamics embedded within a country’s particular political economy. The implications are far-reaching and carry importance beyond the academy given the pressure on policymakers to get things right because of the persistence of institutions and their consequences and the associated path dependency.

The authors content analyze 76 empirical Strategic Management Journal articles to determine how studies control for threats to internal validity, a common source of flaws in research designs. Results indicate that most studies fail to control for one or more threats to internal validity. In particular, selection effects were the most frequently appearing threat, followed by history effects, ambiguity about the direction of causal inference, changing data sources and subject mortality. In general, the results suggest that strategy researchers need to more carefully account for threats to the internal validity of their research designs. Suggestions for addressing these problems are provided.

Purpose – To discuss how coevolutionary framework is useful to research emerging and evolving phenomena, such as global sourcing of business services, where West meets East.

Approach – The authors first introduce the phenomenon of global sourcing of business services and then review extant literature on coevolutionary research.

Findings – The authors discuss how global sourcing is a coevolutionary and multilevel phenomenon, which can be better understood by identifying micro and macro factors (task, firm, industry, and country), demand and supply (clients and service providers), technological and institutional factors (Information and Communication Technology (ICT), digitization, demographic trends, national and regional policies).

Research implications – The authors identify the main mechanisms, research questions, and methodological issues that underlie coevolutionary analysis.

Originality/Value – The main contribution of this chapter is twofold: provide a deeper and more nuanced understanding of global sourcing of business services, and assert that in coevolutionary research the role of mechanisms affecting a phenomenon may change over time.

The “collaboratory” concept has recently entered the vernacular of the scientific community to reflect new modes of scientific communication, cooperation and collaboration made possible by information technology. The collaboratory represents a scientific research center “without walls” for accessing and sharing data, information, instrumentation and computational resources. The principal applications of the collaboratory concept have been in the physical and biological sciences, including space physics, oceanography and molecular biology. Discusses the attributes of the collaboratory, and applies the concept developed by computer and physical scientists to the design and operation of the SIPPACCESS prototype information system for complex data to be used through the Internet by sociologists, demographers and economists. Examines obstacles to collaboratory development for the social sciences. Concludes that four major obstacles will inhibit the development of collaboratories in the social sciences.

The paper aims to address concerns that valuers' choice of depreciation models in their cost approach to value is not sustainable (is incapable of preserving patronage in present and future generations).

The paper draws up conceptual expectations regarding how seven UK and US depreciation models pass or fail four identified sustainability indicators: reliability, consistency, usability and separate treatment of depreciation components. Valuation surveyors in Nigeria were offered as a case study of how valuers in one country respond to such conceptual investigations.

The study found that cross‐sectional models, the breakdown model and hedonic modeling are the depreciation models perceived as most sustainable. However, popular model use follows easiest models rather than most sustainable models.

The paper suggests that the pursuit of sustainability in valuation modeling should involve provision of institutionalized best practice guidance beyond that currently provided so as to assist valuers/appraisers in more sustainable choices.

The paper is probably the first to address both UK and US depreciation models and to assess each using defined sustainability criteria.

This paper aims to explore longitudinally a life sciences international new venture’s (INV’s) development of foreign market knowledge (FMK) and how this knowledge development relates to the firm’s entrepreneurial orientation (EO).

The article adopts a longitudinal case study approach to investigate an INV in the life sciences industry.

The findings show that the EO of an INV changes during its internationalisation. A strong EO, often considered to be synonymous with the early expansion of an INV, is not always able to guide the INV in its later developmental stages. In its continued internationalisation, an INV instead needs firm-specific FMK accumulated from a process of learning by doing. The knowledge development of an INV is a time-consuming process that cannot be rushed by grafting new and experienced employees.

Future research focusing on larger and broader samples of INVs is recommended to validate this study’s results.

Life sciences managers need to develop their own firm-specific FMK by interacting with their foreign business partners.

This study contributes further insights into the FMK development processes and EO of INVs in the life sciences industry during their internationalisation. Further understanding is also provided about how the industry-specific features of an INV in the life sciences industry influence internationalisation over time. The study’s theoretical implications are that international entrepreneurship frameworks and internationalisation process theory need to be integrated to understand the longitudinal development of INVs.