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This chapter explores the importance of place in the creation of new enterprise and wealth.

The chapter deploys a case study of the Liverpool city-region and provides a critical review of the conditions for small enterprise in the locality, with attention paid to enterprise in low income communities.

The argument here suggests that place and public investment are important contributory factors to help understand how enterprise can contribute to wealth creation.

Further work is required to comprehend the wider aspects of enterprise in the context of place and particularly its relevance to low income communities.

Policy makers may acknowledge how enterprise as a tool of wealth creation can reinforce local dynamics of social and economic exclusion and that the nuance of place needs to be taken into account.

Small enterprises have a wider potential beyond their economic role to impact local communities.

There are some studies in entrepreneurship that consider the propinquity between enterprise, place and wealth creation although placing this in the context of local economic decline and low income communities is a relatively under researched and misunderstood domain.

The purpose of this paper is to study how local government policy influences the structure of Chinese pharmaceutical clusters during their industrial catch-up.

This paper applies a case study method by targeting pharmaceutical clusters in Tonghua, Taizhou, and Tianjin.

The varied structures of pharmaceutical clusters in China demonstrate local governments' efforts to utilize local resources accordingly. While the local governments in China introduce different policies to firms with different ownership in the process of constructing different cluster composition, all the local governments emphasize motivating the development of small- and middle-sized enterprises for cluster dynamics.

The local governments should try to reach a balance between short-term foundation and long-term competitiveness for industrial cluster development.

This paper provides the detailed analysis of local governments' influences on the formation of pharmaceutical clusters in China and helps to enrich the knowledge about how local government promotes industrial clusters to realize industrial catch-up through sectoral innovation system.

Considers the development of local supply chains in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The reconstruction of supply chains, torn apart by the collapse of central planning, is a very important task for national economic recovery in all the transition economies but, as Western experience shows, it could be especially germane to economic development at the local and regional level. Using the results of research carried out in Kazakhstan during late 1995 and 1996, we outline the local supply chains which are beginning to emerge and attitudes towards them. The case is made for increased local policy intervention to promote local supply chain development in Kazakhstan and, by implication, elsewhere in the transition economies.

This study aims to answer few questions, such as which factors influence the local government’s choice of private firm investments; what factors influence private firms’ choice of specific local government to make a local investment; and why do some private firms gain a competitive edge by choosing a stakeholder management model of “running the government” in the context of the Chinese transition economy.

Using a case study approach, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the Daqing–Geely Case, 2010, and explains why Geely chose Daqing considering the firm perspective and why the Daqing city Government chose Geely considering the local governments’ perspective.

This study highlights the concept of “co-beneficial” cooperation between government–business by virtue of the institutional innovation of the quasi-property system. In addition, it reveals that the private firms and local governments in the “Daqing–Geely mode” work together for mutual benefits by putting fair negotiation and contract mechanisms in place. Resultantly, private firms secure the commercial interests, and the local governments bring in improved efficiency.

This study consolidates the theory of stakeholders, thereby strengthening the current understanding of “special offer” and “universal offer.”

This paper comes to the point from the tax competition of local government in investment promotion and capital introduction. This paper aims to empirically examine the internal mechanism of enterprises obtaining land resources from local government and its resulting equity investment increase and economic consequences of overinvestment.

The data of China’s A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2014 were used to test the relationship between the increase in enterprise equity investment and the acquisition of land resources and overinvestment. The descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and least squares linear regression were used to solve the above question.

One of the reasons for the enterprise equity increase is to obtain scarce land resources. The enterprise acquisition for land resources leads to overinvestment. The equity investment increase from obtaining land resources will further stimulate enterprise group to overinvest.

The authors could not get the actual data of land that subsidiaries have obtained directly. In this research, the authors get the data using consolidated statements and subsidiary statements indirectly.

The results make contributions to the influencing factors and economic consequence of the enterprise investment structural deviation.

It provides reference to optimize the “interaction” relationship between government and enterprises.

It identified the “dual-channel” conduction mechanism between land resource acquisition and enterprise overinvestment.

Small businesses and micro‐enterprises provide more than 75 per cent of all private sector employment in most countries. In today's environment where large urban areas are more attractive to young people and multinational employers, micro‐enterprise support has become a very important element of both industrial and regional policy, especially in Ireland. However the development of support policies for small businesses is not new and has been evolving over the last 30 years, but up to the early 1990s no support structure policies existed for micro‐enterprises. This research involves an assessment of Ireland's current government micro‐enterprise policies and their effects on entrepreneurs and the growth of their businesses at a local level. The research endeavours to establish if government policy in the micro‐business sector is meeting the objectives of government, if it is satisfying the requirements of the entrepreneurs, i.e. promoters of micro‐enterprises at local level, and to understand what are the effects of local interpretation of government policy on entrepreneurs and their businesses.

The support for local initiatives by large organisations has become substantially institutionalised in the UK through Business in the Community. How much further it will go, and how much it will be supported by government, is the subject of debate and conjecture. An overview of how large firms support small and medium enterprise development — the motivations and how they are changing — is provided. The problems in evaluation and a case study of Shell UK Ltd are provided, and future directions, possible shifts and influences are considered.

This paper aims to analyze the impact of the degree of local government decision-making competition on the optimal investment amount, investment location and investment failure of innovative investment enterprise under multiple risk appetite type of innovative investment enterprise. This paper also points out three regulation paths that central government could use to avoid the influence of local government decision-making competition on the validity of enterprise innovation investment (EII).

Based on analysis frame of government competition about unitary government states, this paper builds duopoly decision model to analyze influence of local government decision-making competition on EII. Considering information asymmetry and multiple risk appetite type of decision-maker, this paper analyzes influence of local government decision-making competition on location selection, the optimal investment amount, identification of investment failure and exit mechanism of EII according to different relationship between reference points of local government decision-making competition and EII.

The optimal investment amount of EII has positive correlation with risk appetite type of decision-maker, local government decision-making competition. Identification of investment failure and exit are divided into three phases. The boundary conditions are directly related to risk appetite type and amount of local government subsidy. Regional factor endowment and degree of preferential policy are main factors attracting enterprise investment. Local governments should analyze the interests of EII. There are three paths to avoid vicious competition among local governments: unified planning, revising of audit index, increasing penalties for failure of policies.

With rapid development of China's new urbanization process, urban economy has become an important carrier of economic development. Attracting foreign direct investment is an important measure to promote urban economic growth, and EII is the most important one. However new urbanization would lead to local government decision-making competition and then influence EII. Through analyzing influence of local government decision-making competition on EII, theory guidance could be provided to decision makers of innovation investment.

Aim of the present monograph is the economic analysis of the role of MNEs regarding globalisation and digital economy and in parallel there is a reference and examination of some legal aspects concerning MNEs, cyberspace and e‐commerce as the means of expression of the digital economy. The whole effort of the author is focused on the examination of various aspects of MNEs and their impact upon globalisation and vice versa and how and if we are moving towards a global digital economy.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a feasible scheme for local governments to regulate corporate environmental data fraud and to discuss whether the influence of the construction of online information disclosure platform on the environmental behavior of enterprises is better than the offline spot check.

Under the background of changing environmental fees into taxes in China, this paper conducts evolutionary game analysis between local governments and enterprises in view of the existing problem of environmental data fraud. Furthermore, through the introduction of government information disclosure platform, this paper discusses the impact of the integration of direct government regulation and indirect public concern regulation on the evolution of environmental behavior of both sides. Finally, the evolutionary game is simulated by adopting system dynamics to analyses the implementation effect of different cases on the game process and game equilibrium.

The results showed that the introduction of information disclosure platform mechanism can effectively suppress the fluctuations existing in the game play and stabilize the game. Moreover, it is worth noting that the regulatory effect of local governments investing part of the monitoring cost in the construction of online information platform is proved to be better than that of putting all the monitoring cost into offline investigation. While optimizing the monitoring cost allocation, the local government still needs to attach great importance to organically combine the attention of the public and media with the governmental official platform.

The obtained results confirm that the proposed model can assist local government in refining the effects of their environmental regulatory decisions, especially in the case of corporate data fraud under environmental tax enforcement.

Previous literature only suggested that local governments should reduce the cost of supervision to change the corporate behavior to a better direction, but no further in-depth study. Thus, this study fills the gap by discussing the positive transformation effect of local government cost allocation scheme on corporate environmental behavior.