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Article
Publication date: 23 September 2020

Fatimah De'nan, Nor Salwani Hashim and Lim Cheng Kuan

Tapered section can resist maximum stress at a single location while the stresses are considerably lower at the rest of the member; therefore, it could have higher structural…

Abstract

Purpose

Tapered section can resist maximum stress at a single location while the stresses are considerably lower at the rest of the member; therefore, it could have higher structural efficiency compared to conventional section. It could also satisfy functional requirements while reducing weight and cost in many fields of civil construction. Perforation in the steel section also eases the integration of Mechanical and Electrical (M&E) services such as ventilation pipes and electrical cables within the structural depths of the beam. In this analysis, the structural efficiency of tapered steel section with perforation under lateral-torsional buckling behaviour is investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 81 models are analysed using LUSAS software and five variables are investigated which involved perforation sizes, perforation shapes, perforation layout, tapering ratio and flange and Web thickness. Buckling moment is obtained from the analysis results in LUSAS software, while self-weight and structural efficiency are manually calculated.

Findings

Perforation size of 0.75 D has the highest structural efficiency, although it can withstand a smaller buckling load. This is due to its lower self-weight compared to other perforation sizes. The square perforation shape also has the highest structural efficiency compared to circular perforation and diamond perforation. An increment of percentage in structural efficiency of the square perforation shape with 0.75 D is the highest at 3.07%. The circular perforation shape with 0.75 D (Open-Open-Open perforation layout) has the highest increment of percentage in structural efficiency which is 2.37%. The tapering ratio of 0.3 is the most efficient and an increment of percentage in structural efficiency is 114.36%. The flange thickness of 0.02 m and Web thickness of 0.015 m has the highest structural efficiency at 45.756 and 29.171, respectively.

Originality/value

In conclusion, a section should be able to resist the large buckling moment and has a lower self-weight to achieve high structural efficiency.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 17 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 28 April 2023

Fatimah De’nan, Nor Salwani Hashim and Ngo Siew Ting

Recently, this steel section has found increasing popularity in residential, industrial and commercial buildings with their high load-carrying capacity due to the nature of high…

Abstract

Purpose

Recently, this steel section has found increasing popularity in residential, industrial and commercial buildings with their high load-carrying capacity due to the nature of high strength to weight ratio properties. However, the rise on the price of steel section should be more emphasized; therefore, the optimization in steel section design is needed to overcome the issue of material cost. As such, tapered steel sections save on material use, while the introduction of web openings allows the placement of mechanical and electrical services, plumbing and also aesthetic design considerations.

Design/methodology/approach

The purpose of this study is to investigate the lateral torsional buckling behavior of a tapered steel section with an ellipse-shaped opening by analyzing its structural parameters. To achieve this, the finite element analysis (FEA) of the section is modeled using LUSAS software, which allows for a detailed analysis of the section's behavior under varying loads and conditions. It involves the variation in web opening size, opening layout, opening rotation angle and the tapering ratio. Eigenvalue buckling analysis is adopted to know the parametric effects of each 108 model. The size of opening varies from 0.2 to 0.5 d of the total depth where the opening located. There are three type of layouts applied in this study, which are the layouts A, B and C. There are three types of rotation angles for the ellipse-shaped opening, including the non-rotated vertical opening and two additional types formed by rotating the opening 45 degrees clockwise and counterclockwise around the center-point of the ellipse. A fixed-free boundary condition was applied, resulting in a simulation of a cantilever beam. The models are fixed at one end with a larger depth, and free at the other end with a smaller depth. Loading condition is an application of 10 kN/m uniform distributed load in the direction of gravity along the mid-span of the top flange.

Findings

It is observed that the model 82 with Layout A, tapering ratio 0.3, opening size 0.5 d and opening rotated in 45 degree anti-clockwise direction results in the highest structural efficiency among the 108 models. Therefore, the buckling moment of model 82 is 1,013.08 kNm with structural efficiency of 481.26, which shows an increase of 3.17% compared to the controlled model.

Originality/value

The FEA results shows a significant increase in ductility and stiffness of the tapered steel section with elipse shape opening and consequently changes in the behaviour of yield point.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 20 May 2022

Fatimah De´nan, Nor Salwani Hashim and Amarpreet Kaur Mahinder Singh

Due to the enormous increase in economic development, structural steel material gives an advantage for the construction of stadiums, factories, bridges and cities building design…

Abstract

Purpose

Due to the enormous increase in economic development, structural steel material gives an advantage for the construction of stadiums, factories, bridges and cities building design. The purpose of this study is to investigate the behaviour of bending, buckling and torsion for I-beam steel section with and without web opening using non-linear finite element analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

The control model was simulated via LUSAS software with the four main parameters which included opening size, layout, shape and orientation. The analysis used a constant beam span which is 3.5 m while the edge distance from the centre of the opening to the edge of the beam is kept constant at 250 mm at each end.

Findings

The analysis results show that the optimum opening size obtained is 0.65 D while optimum layout of opening is Layout 1 with nine web openings. Under bending behaviour, steel section with octagon shapes of web opening shows the highest yield load, yield moment and thus highest structural efficiency as compared to other shapes of openings. Besides, square shape of web opening has the highest structural efficiency under buckling behaviour. The lower buckling load and buckling moment contribute to the higher structural efficiency.

Originality/value

Further, the square web opening with counter clockwise has the highest structural efficiency under torsion behaviour.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 20 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 16 July 2021

Fatimah De’nan, Nor Salwani Hashim, Xing Yong Sua and Pui Yee Lock

Due to economic development, tapered members are commonly applied in steel frames, namely, industrial halls, warehouses, exhibition centres, etc. In the design of cantilever steel…

Abstract

Purpose

Due to economic development, tapered members are commonly applied in steel frames, namely, industrial halls, warehouses, exhibition centres, etc. In the design of cantilever steel beam structures in cities building design, tapering is introduced at the web profile to achieve utmost economy and suit the bending moment distributions. The cross-sectional shape of the beam is varied linearly to the moment gradient to achieve the target of higher efficiency with lower cost.

Design/methodology/approach

The shear deformation pattern and efficiency of the tapered steel section with perforation were investigated using finite element analysis. In addition, I-beam with web opening is studied numerically via LUSAS software for different parameters of tapering ratio, perforation shape and perforation size and perforation layout.

Findings

The highest contributing parameters for the highest shear buckling capacity and efficiency of the section were due to the small opening size and tapering ratio. Whilst the variation of perforation layout and spacing give a major effect on the shear strength and efficiency of the tapered steel section with perforation. Besides that, the highest efficiency model is found when the section is designed with 0.4 D diamond perforation in Layout 3 under a tapering ratio of 0.3. The critical shear buckling load and efficiency is reduced 14.39% and 13.91%, respectively, when perforations are added onto the tapered steel sections.

Originality/value

The tapered steel section with perforation has lower critical shear buckling load and efficiency compared to the tapered section without perforation but obtains a higher critical shear buckling load and efficiency compared to the uniform section without perforation.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 19 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 10 August 2023

Nor Salwani Hashim, Fatimah De’nan and Norbaya Omar

Basically, connections are used to transfer the force supported by structural members to other parts of the structure. The flush end-plate bolted beam to column connection is one…

Abstract

Purpose

Basically, connections are used to transfer the force supported by structural members to other parts of the structure. The flush end-plate bolted beam to column connection is one type that has been widely used because of its simplicity in fabrication and rapid site erection. The purpose of this study is to determine the moment-rotation curve, moment of resistance (MR) and mode of failure, and the results were compared with existing results for normal flat web connections.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, the connection modeled was the flush end-plate welded with triangular web profile (TriWP) steel beam section and then bolted to a UKC column flange. The bolted flush end-plate semi-rigid beam to column connection was modeled using finite element software. The specimen was modeled using LUSAS 14.3 finite element software, with dimensions and parameters of the finite element model sizes being 200 × 200 × 49.9 UKC, 200 × 100 × 17.8 UKB and 200 × 100 with a thickness of 20 mm for the endplate.

Findings

It can be concluded that the MR obtained from the TriWP steel beam section is different from that of the normal flat web steel beam by 28%. The value of MR for the TriWP beam section is lower than that of the normal flat web beam section, but the moment ultimate is higher by 21% than the normal flat web. Therefore, it can be concluded that the TriWP section can resist more acting force than the normal flat web section and is suitable to be used as a new proposed shape to replace the normal flat web section for a certain steel structure based on the end-plate connection behavior.

Originality/value

As a result, the TriWP section has better performance than the flat web section in resisting MR behavior.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 11 January 2023

Nor Salwani Hashim and Fatimah De’nan

It is generally known that the perforated section such as the castellated section is good to sustain distributed loads but inadequate to sustain highly concentrated loads…

Abstract

Purpose

It is generally known that the perforated section such as the castellated section is good to sustain distributed loads but inadequate to sustain highly concentrated loads. Therefore, it is possible to design the opening in a different arrangement of web opening to achieve section efficiency, thus improving the strength and torsional behaviour of the section with web opening. This study aims to focus on the finite element analysis of I-beam with and without openings in steel section dominated to lateral-torsional buckling behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach

In this work, the analysis of different sizes, shapes and arrangements of web opening is performed by using LUSAS application to conduct numerical analysis on lateral-torsional buckling behaviour. This involves three diameter sizes of web opening, five types of opening shapes and two criteria of the model.

Findings

The section with c-hexagon web opening was placed about 200-mm centre to centre and 100-mm edge distance, contribute to 7.26% increase of buckling capacity. For the section with 150-mm centre to centre and 50-mm edge distance, the occurrence of local buckling contributes to decrease of lateral buckling section capacity to 19.943 kNm, where pure lateral-torsional buckling mostly occurred because of prevented section. Besides that, the web opening diameter was also analysed. The web crippling was observed because of the increase of opening diameter from 0.67 to 0.80 D.

Originality/value

This contributes to a decrease in buckling capacity as figured in the contour of the deformed shape. For Model 1, an increase of buckling capacity (31.46%) is observed when the opening diameter are changed from 0.67 to 0.80 D.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 21 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 8 August 2022

Kok Keong Choong, Fatimah De’nan, Seen Hooi Chew and Nor Salwani Hashim

Recently, the utilization of cold-formed steel (CFS) roof truss systems and different types of other combination structural support systems, such as concrete or hot-rolled steel…

Abstract

Purpose

Recently, the utilization of cold-formed steel (CFS) roof truss systems and different types of other combination structural support systems, such as concrete or hot-rolled steel support, becomes more frequently used. This paper aims to identify the load transfer characteristics of three different design details for cold-formed truss to supporting system connections and to propose simplified modelling approach for practices.

Design/methodology/approach

Simplification modelling of connection design could be proposed for practical purpose based on the load transfer characteristics obtained from detailed study using finite element method. A cold-formed roof truss system with connection is modelled using line elements. However, the supporting system is not modelled in this work. Three types of connection involve, which are five pieces of CFS L-angle brackets, one-piece of CFS L-angle brackets and three types of bolts connection are modelled.

Findings

The results of analysis show that the connections located on the loaded side experienced higher reactions than those far from loaded side. From the result, it is also found that the option of “Fixed But” support condition in STAAD.Pro with translational degree of freedom being restrained is the most suitable way to represent the CFS L-angle brackets design for Type 1 connection for use in truss modelled using line elements.

Originality/value

Such increase in usage necessitates an appropriate connection detailing depending on the behaviour of the connection.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 20 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 9 January 2023

Ying Ling Jin, Fatimah De’nan, Kok Keong Choong and Nor Salwani Hashim

Cold-formed steel has been used extensively as secondary elements such as purlins and girts in building frames. Purlin is critical to the structure of the roof because it supports…

Abstract

Purpose

Cold-formed steel has been used extensively as secondary elements such as purlins and girts in building frames. Purlin is critical to the structure of the roof because it supports the weight of the roof deck and aids to make the entire roof structure more rigid. Furthermore, cold-formed steel purlin is a replacement for wood purlin because steel purlins are light weight and more economical. Hence, the purpose of this study to investigate the effect of opening due to torsion behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach

This analysis used cold-formed steel hat purlin with and without openings (WOs) under different opening shape, location and spacing by using finite element LUSAS software.

Findings

The finite element results showed that purlin with openings had higher angle of rotation than section WO, with a percentage difference of not more than 6%. When the opening was located at mid-span, the angle of rotation reduced. Angle of rotation increased when the opening spacing increased. Number of openings also affected the torsional behaviour of the purlin. Five opening shapes, which were circle, diamond, C-hexagon, square and elongated circle, were studied. Among all the shapes, purlin with diamond opening was more resistance to torsion.

Originality/value

The use of cold-formed steel section with web openings (rectangular or circular) is a practical solution when it is required to pass service ducts through the structural member. However, the presence of opening gives minor effect on the structural behaviour of cold-formed steel hat purlin.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 21 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 June 2022

Fatimah De'nan, Nor Salwani Hashim and Xing Yong Sua

With the vast advancement of structural steel properties over the recent decades, structural steel has become the dominate material for the construction of bridges, stadiums…

Abstract

Purpose

With the vast advancement of structural steel properties over the recent decades, structural steel has become the dominate material for the construction of bridges, stadiums, factories and high rise buildings. This paper aims to present the study of structural behaviour and efficiency of tapered steel section with elliptical perforation under shear loading conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

The effect of various elliptical perforation configurations such as tapering ratio, perforation size, perforation orientation and perforation layout on the shear behaviour of tapered steel section has been investigated by using finite element method. A total of 112 models are simulated via LUSAS software.

Findings

It has been found that the most efficient model is the tapered steel section with tapering ratio of 0.3 and vertical elliptical perforation of 0.2 times the section depths which are arranged in Layout 3. The most efficient model has a shear efficiency of 1,094.35 kN, which is 4.12% less than the tapered steel section without perforation, but it could achieve a 0.32% of weight reduction.

Originality/value

The smaller tapering ratio and perforation size contributed to the higher shear buckling capacity and efficiency for the elliptical perforated tapered steel section.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 20 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 March 1993

XIKUI LI, A.J.L. CROOK and L.P.R. LYONS

The mixed assumed strain approach proposed by Simo and Rifai is used to derive three 8‐noded hexahedral mixed strain elements. The approach is also generalized to geometrically…

Abstract

The mixed assumed strain approach proposed by Simo and Rifai is used to derive three 8‐noded hexahedral mixed strain elements. The approach is also generalized to geometrically non‐linear problems. Based on the Galerkin form of Hu‐Washizu three field variational principle, the Green‐Lagrange strain tensor and the second Piola‐Kirchhoff stress tensor (symmetric) are employed to develop the geometrically non‐linear formulation for 2D and 3D mixed enhanced strain elements. Numerical results are presented to show that the resulting hexahedral mixed strain elements possess all the ideal qualities. They are able to pass the patch test, do not exhibit the false shear phenomena and do not lock for nearly incompressible materials. Also, they are less sensitive to distorted meshes than standard isoparametric elements and exhibit high accuracy for both linear and non‐linear problems, permitting coarse discretizations to be utilized. The elements developed in this paper have been implemented in the general purpose FE package LUSAS.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. 10 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0264-4401

Keywords

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