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The purpose of this study is to unravel the mystery of Level of Development (LOD) as frequently referred to in Building Information Modelling (BIM) delivery documents. LOD is a key parameter for describing digital content in a BIM context. It is seen as an important vehicle for specifying information exchange throughout a facility’ life cycle. However, hitherto, there has been little research examining how, beyond the theoretical concept, LOD can be applied and smartly utilised in practice. This study seeks to unravel the concept and reveal new insights into its application from a design management perspective.

Following a literature and document review, two small-scale case projects were identified. The first was – to temper the state-of-the-art theory and understand what happens in practice today – discovery led. The second was – to drill down to the core of LOD utilisation to support planned model progression and test a plausible novel methodology to automate associated workflow – theory led.

Results suggest that a lack of consistent understanding and utilisation exists and particular LOD errors are highlighted, but, moreover, LOD can be so much more useful if integrated into a BIM-like workflow. Consequently, a new method of automatically comparing planned model progression with the current state of the model is presented.

Advancement of the understanding of the concept and application of LOD and its usefulness has significant implications for designing information management research.

Fresh insights into LOD, concept and application are presented. The emerging proposed utilisation framework is novel and targets removal of known labour-intensive activities associated with LOD matrices whilst facilitating rich reuse of efficient model progression knowledge.

Proper definition of level of development (LOD) is one of the significant issues in building information modeling (BIM) applications; however, it is still not adequately addressed during BIM implementations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and describe the current practice in defining the LOD in large-scale BIM-based projects and identify the challenges and solutions that were provided.

Four case studies were performed at four different types of large-scale projects to depict the current practice in determining the LOD and the required properties of elements that are going to be included in a BIM model. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were performed to collect information from six professionals from four international firms.

The findings of the case studies revealed that defining LOD is an ambiguous process and requires high-cumulated experience. The results provide the challenges, adopted solutions and lessons learned. It was highlighted that the cost of including an element or related information in the model should be compared to the benefit of having that information in the model from the perspective of defined BIM uses.

The findings are based on the projects that were performed in three developing countries. However, the main contractors were international companies and the construction management firms were well-known companies in the USA. In the future, additional case studies can be performed in other countries to identify similarities and regional differences.

The results of this study can be used to highlight the current needs in determining the LOD and guide the efforts for developing standards and policies in the AEC sector to streamline BIM adoption process in practice. The practitioners can utilize the findings of this study to increase their efficiency in adopting BIM and to decrease the time loss and cost overruns.

Most of the previous studies investigated the benefits and challenges when adopting BIM, and few of them considered LOD definition as a core part of this process. This study specifically investigated the current practice in determining the LOD and the required properties of elements that are going to be included in a BIM model. It also described the applied solutions and lessons learned in the case studies.

This paper examines learning‐on‐demand (LOD) ‐ the knowledge‐based learning model; forces for change; early adopters and implementation barriers. According to the authors, LOD reduces knowledge acquisition time, cuts travel costs for both students and teachers, lowers off‐the‐job related expenses, reduces classroom overheads and lowers materials expenses. Through LOD higher‐quality learning improves organizational performance and increases employees’ breadth of knowledge and ability to deploy skills in the service of strategic objectives.

This paper aims to further the discussion on Building Information Modelling (BIM) legal requirements, providing a framework with key energy parameters capable of supporting the Appointing Party in the definition of the Exchange Information Requirements (EIR) for a BIM project appointment. The EIR is described in ISO-19650–1:2018 as a fundamental step in the information delivery cycle.

A literature review on the topic of BIM energy analysis was completed to identify current knowledge gaps and support the need for the proposed framework. Afterwards, the framework was established based on the review findings and the authors’ domain knowledge. The applicability of the proposed framework was assessed through a case study, where several energy simulations were performed in three different design stages of the same BIM model.

This study identified a lack of standards and legislation capable of supporting the Appointing Party in the definition of energy-related BIM requirements. To this end, a new framework is proposed to mediate existing practices, linking prior knowledge with BIM’s new reality. The study showcases the applicability of the framework, identifying that the performance of different energy studies involves distinct Level of Development (LOD) requirements, which in turn have an impact on the modelling time and cost.

A BIM framework for the specification of information requirements in energy-related projects was developed to support the Appointing Party. The framework presents appropriate parameters for energy analysis in each design stage, as well as the suitable LOD for the BIM model.

Skeleton plays an important role in representing the essential feature of garment in image. General skeleton extraction methods often yield many short skeletal branches. Though short branches reflect the geometric details of the garment, they are obstacles in extracting the essential features. The purpose of this paper is to provide an approach to hierarchically remove them to reveal the level of details (LOD) of the skeleton, thus both the essential skeleton and the geometric skeletal branches can be definitely extracted and separated.

First, the initial garment image skeleton is extracted and smoothed. Then, the hierarchically removing mechanism is established on scoring the importance of each skeletal branch by an altered PageRank method and computing the symmetry among skeletal branches.

Experimental examples show that this method can extract and separate garment essential skeleton as well as geometric skeletal branches hierarchically. Garments in same class have a similar essential skeleton with detailed differences, so this approach can be potentially applied in garment recognition and style specification.

Traditionally, there is almost no work attempts to build LOD in skeleton of planar shapes. This paper provide an automatic device for building LOD skeleton for garment image. In another word, hierarchic skeletons with details in different prominence level are gradually established. And pairs of symmetric skeletal parts are found by taking advantage of symmetry characteristic of garment. This method is efficient in garment image skeleton extraction.

These projects aim to improve library services for users in the future by combining Link Open Data (LOD) technology with data visualization. It displays and analyses search results in an intuitive manner. These services are enhanced by integrating various LOD technologies into the authority control system.

The technology known as LOD is used to access, recycle, share, exchange and disseminate information, among other things. The applicability of Linked Data technologies for the development of library information services is evaluated in this study.

Apache Hadoop is used for rapidly storing and processing massive Linked Data data sets. Apache Spark is a free and open-source data processing tool. Hive is a SQL-based data warehouse that enables data scientists to write, read and manage petabytes of data.

The distributed large data storage system Apache HBase does not use SQL. This study’s goal is to search the geographic, authority and bibliographic databases for relevant links found on various websites. When data items are linked together, all of the data bits are linked together as well. The study observed and evaluated the tools and processes and recorded each data item’s URL. As a result, data can be combined across silos, enhanced by third-party data sources and contextualized.

The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach toward automatically visualizing Linked Open Data (LOD) through metadata analysis.

By focussing on the data within a LOD dataset, the authors can infer its structure in a much better way than current approaches, generating more intuitive models to progress toward visual representations.

With no technical knowledge required, focussing on metadata properties from a semantically annotated dataset could lead to automatically generated charts that allow to understand the dataset in an exploratory manner. Through interactive visualizations, users can navigate LOD sources using a natural approach, in order to save time and resources when dealing with an unknown resource for the first time.

This approach is suitable for available SPARQL endpoints and could be extended for resource description framework dumps loaded locally.

Most works dealing with LOD visualization are customized for a specific domain or dataset. This paper proposes a generic approach based on traditional data visualization and exploratory data analysis literature.

Random media uncertainties exhibit a significant impact on the properties of electromagnetic fields that usually deterministic models tend to neglect. As a result, these models fail to quantify the variation in the calculated electromagnetic fields, leading to inaccurate outcomes. This paper aims to introduce an unconditionally stable finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for assessing two-dimensional random media uncertainties in one simulation.

The proposed technique is an extension of the stochastic FDTD (S-FDTD) scheme, which approximates the variance of a given field component using the Delta method. Specifically in this paper, the Delta method is applied to the locally one-dimensional (LOD) FDTD scheme (hence named S-LOD-FDTD), to achieve unconditional stability. The validity of this algorithm is tested by solving two-dimensional random media problems and comparing the results with other methods, such as the Monte-Carlo (MC) and the S-FDTD techniques.

This paper provides numerical results that prove the unconditional stability of the S-LOD-FDTD technique. Also, the comparison with the MC and the S-FDTD methods shows that reliable outcomes can be extracted even with larger time steps, thus making this technique more efficient than the other two aforementioned schemes.

The S-LOD-FDTD method requires the proper quantification of various correlation coefficients between the calculated fields and the electrical parameters, to achieve reliable results. This cannot be known beforehand and the only known way to calculate them is to run a fraction of MC simulations.

This paper introduces a new unconditional stable technique for measuring material uncertainties in one realization.

Early Modern emblem books are primary sources for scholars studying the European Renaissance. Linked Open Data (LOD) is an approach for organizing and modeling information in a data-centric manner compatible with the emerging Semantic Web. The purpose of this paper is to examine ways in which LOD methods can be applied to facilitate emblem resource discovery, better reveal the structure and connectedness of digitized emblem resources, and enhance scholar interactions with digitized emblem resources.

This research encompasses an analysis of the existing XML-based Spine (emblem-specific) metadata schema; the design of a new, domain-specific, Resource Description Framework compatible ontology; the mapping and transformation of metadata from Spine to both the new ontology and (separately) to the pre-existing Schema.org ontology; and the (experimental) modification of the Emblematica Online portal as a proof of concept to illustrate enhancements supported by LOD.

LOD is viable as an approach for facilitating discovery and enhancing the value to scholars of digitized emblem books; however, metadata must first be enriched with additional uniform resource identifiers and the workflow upgrades required to normalize and transform existing emblem metadata are substantial and still to be fully worked out.

The research described demonstrates the feasibility of transforming existing, special collections metadata to LOD. Although considerable work and further study will be required, preliminary findings suggest potential benefits of LOD for both users and libraries.

This research is unique in the context of emblem studies and adds to the emerging body of work examining the application of LOD best practices to library special collections.

Over the past decade, national and international organisations concerned with regulating the architecture, engineering, construction and operations industry have been working to create guidelines for the integration of building information modelling (BIM) through the establishment of benchmarks to measure the quality and quantity of information in a given model. Until recently, these benchmarks – and BIM guidelines in general – have been developed for the design and construction of new projects, providing very little guidance for using BIM in the context of conservation and rehabilitation. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new benchmark specific to existing and heritage buildings developed by Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS).

To create the new benchmark, CIMS conducted a critical evaluation of established and emerging BIM guidelines including: Level of Development Specification 2016 (BIMFORUM), architecture, engineering and construction (Can) BIM Protocol (CanBIM), PAS 1102-2: Specification for Information Management for the Capital Delivery Phase of Construction Projects Using BIM (British Standards Institution) and Level of Accuracy Specification Guide (US Institute of Building Documentation).

Using the authors’ on-going work at the Parliament Hill National Historic Site in Ottawa, Canada, the CIMS created and applied a three-category system that evaluated the level of detail, information and accuracy within the building information model independently.

In this paper, the authors discuss the CIMS’ work to date and propose next steps.