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The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the attributes of market knowledge (depth/breadth) and particular types of (process/product) innovation. The mediating mechanism of ambidextrous (exploratory/exploitative) capabilities is also investigated.

Data from 153 travel agencies from two phases of data collection in Taiwan were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method.

Market knowledge depth directly and positively impacts product and process innovation. Market knowledge breadth indirectly and positively impacts product and process innovation. Ambidextrous capabilities affect process and product innovation and mediate the effect of market knowledge breadth on the two innovations.

This study provides different theoretical views, such as dynamic capability and organizational learning, to supplement the explanation of knowledge-based theory in the relationship between market knowledge and innovation.

This study encourages firms to accumulate market knowledge depth and breadth and facilitate ambidextrous capabilities for innovation.

Seldom has research explored the relationships between the attributes of market knowledge and types of innovation simultaneously to extend the input-process-output context. This study has done so and forwards the possibility that ambidextrous capability is critical mechanism.

本研究探讨市场知识属性（深度/广度）与特定类型创新（流程/产品）两者间的关系, 并以双元性（探索/开发）能力作为中介变数。

本研究采用结构方程模型, 以台湾153家旅行社作为样本, 进行两阶段的资料搜集。

市场知识深度对产品和流程创新具有直接且正向的影响。市场知识的广度对产品和流程创新具有间接且正向的影响。双元能力会影响产品和流程创新, 并中介市场知识广度对这两项创新的影响。

本研究结合动态能力与组织学习两种理论观点, 为知识基础理论对市场知识与创新的探讨提供更完整的解释。

本研究鼓励业者积累市场知识的深度和广度, 并提升能促进创新的双元能力。

过去的研究鲜少探讨市场知识属性与创新类型间的关系。而本研究对其进行讨论, 并提出双元能力可能为市场知识属性对创新影响的关键机制。

este artículo examina la relación entre los atributos del conocimiento del mercado (profundidad/amplitud) y los tipos particulares de (proceso/producto) innovación. También se investiga el mecanismo mediador de las capacidades (exploratorias/explotadoras) ambidiestras.

utilizando el método de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, se han analizado los datos de 153 agencias de viajes en dos fases de recopilación de datos en Taiwán.

la profundidad del conocimiento del mercado afecta directa y positivamente a la innovación del producto y del proceso. La amplitud del conocimiento del mercado afecta indirecta y positivamente a la innovación del producto y del proceso. Las capacidades ambidiestras afectan a la innovación del proceso y del producto, y hacen de mediador entre el efecto de la profundidad del conocimiento del mercado en las dos innovaciones.

este estudio proporciona distintas perspectivas teóricas tales como la capacidad dinámica y el aprendizaje organizacional para complementar la teoría, basada en el conocimiento, entre el conocimiento del mercado y la innovación.

este estudio anima a las empresas a acumular conocimiento del mercado en profundidad y amplitud, y a facilitar capacidades ambidiestras para la innovación.

rara vez se han explorado simultáneamente en el mundo académico las relaciones entre los atributos del conocimiento del mercado y los tipos de innovación para extender el contexto entrada-proceso-salida. Este estudio sí lo ha hecho y, además, avanza la posibilidad de que las capacidades ambidiestras sean un mecanismo crucial.

This study aims to explore three critical factors, namely, specific assets investment (SAI), knowledge integration mechanism (KIM) and complementary capability (CC), the antecedents of market knowledge from on structure, process and strategy aspects. This study then tests their effects on the market knowledge-market performance linkage in an asymmetric commerce relationship.

This study identified the asymmetric business-to-business (B2B) channel relationship of travel service industry. A total of 248 responses were received from the two waves of data collection and the data was analyzed by the structural equation modeling method.

Based on the managerial theory related to transaction cost, knowledge-based view and resource-dependent, SAI, KIM and CC all affect market knowledge, and had an indirect effect on market performance; market knowledge significantly and positively affects market performance.

In addition to relationship marketing or social exchange theory, this study provides an integrated framework with different theoretical studies to supplement the explanation of relationship marketing theory in the non-significant relationship between trust and commitment and their outcomes.

This study provides answers for weaker firms how to enhance their market knowledge from their stronger partners.

No current studies have explored how service firms with weak bargaining power could enhance their market knowledge under an imbalanced B2B relationship. This supports the call for the possible factors as the key antecedents of market knowledge on the asymmetric B2B relationship.

Recreational scuba diving is one of the fastest growing tourism industries around the world and has become a popular activity in Taiwan. Few studies focus on enduring involvement with a high risk or difficult activity specialization, so this study aims to explore the causal relationship between enduring involvement and specialization and seeks to explain sustained involvement in scuba diving activity as a recreation specialization.

This research selects four diving sites in Taiwan as survey locations, specifically Yeliou, Longdong, Kenting and Green Island. The questionnaire consists of three sections, including demographic information, enduring involvement and specialization. By analyzing the data collected from 810 scuba divers in Taiwan, structural equation modeling is used to examine the causal relationships among the variables.

The primary findings of this study are as follows: attraction positively affects divers’ commitment and lifestyle through joy, relaxation and sharing diving experiences; the results indicate that self-expression is associated with past experience of participating in scuba diving activity; and centrality indicates that participants’ daily life and recreation are related to each other and become central to their life. Results show that most theoretical hypotheses are supported, but there is no significant evidence of attraction impacting past experience or self-expression influencing commitment and lifestyle.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine the causal influence of enduring involvement and specialization in the scuba diving context. The findings provide a solid theoretical basis for the study of sustained involvement motivation and behavior on specialization. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

休闲水肺潜水是全球发展最快的旅游业之一, 已成为台湾的热门活动。很少有研究关注持续涉入高风险或困难活动的专门化, 因此本研究探讨持续涉入和专门化之间的因果关系, 并试图解释持续参与水肺潜水活动作为休闲专门化。

这项研究选择了台湾的四个潜水地点作为调查地点, 特别是野柳, 龙洞, 垦丁和绿岛。问卷分为三个部分, 包括人口统计信息, 持续参与和专门化。通过分析从台湾810名潜水员那里收集的数据, 使用结构方程模型检查变量之间的因果关系。

这项研究的主要发现是：（1）吸引力通过愉悦, 放松和分享潜水经历积极影响潜水员的承诺和生活方式; （2）结果表明自我表达与过去参加水肺潜水活动的经历有关（3）中心性表示参与者的日常生活和娱乐彼此相关, 并成为他们生活的中心。结果表明, 大多数理论假设均得到支持, 但没有显着证据表明吸引力会影响过去的经历或自我表达影响承诺和生活方式。

据我们所知, 本研究是第一个研究在潜水环境中持续涉入和专门化的因果关系影响的研究。研究结果为专门化持续参与动机和行为的研究提供了坚实的理论基础。 讨论了对未来研究的影响和建议。

El buceo recreativo es una de las industrias turísticas de más rápido crecimiento en todo el mundo y se ha convertido en una actividad popular en Taiwán. Pocos estudios se centran en la participación duradera con una especialización de actividad difícil o de alto riesgo, por lo que este estudio explora la relación causal entre la participación duradera y la especialización y busca explicar la participación sostenida en la actividad de buceo como una especialización recreativa.

Esta investigación selecciona cuatro sitios de buceo en Taiwán como lugares de estudio, específicamente Yeliou, Longdong, Kenting y Green Island. El cuestionario consta de tres secciones, que incluyen información demográfica, participación duradera y especialización. Al analizar los datos recopilados de 810 buzos en Taiwán, se utiliza un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para examinar las relaciones causales entre las variables.

Los hallazgos principales de este estudio son: (1) la atracción afecta positivamente el compromiso y el estilo de vida de los buceadores a través de la alegría, la relajación y el intercambio de experiencias de buceo, (2) los resultados indican que la autoexpresión está asociada con la experiencia pasada de participar en actividades de buceo., y (3) la centralidad indica que la vida diaria y la recreación de los participantes están relacionadas entre sí y se vuelven centrales en su vida. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de las hipótesis teóricas están respaldadas, pero no hay evidencia significativa de que la atracción afecte la experiencia pasada o la autoexpresión que influya en el compromiso y el estilo de vida.

Hasta donde sabemos, este estudio es el primero en examinar la influencia causal de la participación y la especialización duraderas en el contexto del buceo. Los hallazgos proporcionan una base teórica sólida para el estudio de la motivación y el comportamiento de participación sostenida en la especialización. Se discuten las implicaciones y recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the profit efficiency of custom and self-farming methods of rice production in Taiwan.

This study examines the nature and extent of the profitability and profit efficiency of custom and self-farming based on a farm survey in Taiwan. Furthermore, it estimates the stochastic profit frontier to measure the degree of inefficiency and analyze the determinants of these inefficiencies.

The profitability and profit efficiency of custom farming are lower than for self-farming, and the differences in profitability are more significant for large rice farmers. The estimation results show that the custom farming area and the farmer’s age decrease efficiency and, regardless of the farming style used, larger farms have higher profit efficiency.

This study’s findings show that self-farming is more favorable than custom farming for profit efficiency. This study examined this problem by conducting a regression adjustment for explanatory variables, but did not remove all self-selection bias, which may occur between profit efficiency and the choice of farming system.

Previous studies that measured the efficiency of rice farming often considered cost efficiency by the cost function, and ignored the increased profit from producing high-quality rice. This study used a one-step estimation of the profit frontier function to measure the degree of inefficiency and analyze the determinants of this inefficiency.

Drawing on organizational support theory, this study aims to propose and test a moderated path analysis to explore the interactive effect of perceived supervisor support and supervisors’ organizational embodiment on organizational citizenship behavior, as well as the mediating effect of perceived organizational support.

Hypotheses are tested using two-phase survey data collected from 398 dyads of employees and their immediate supervisors from 26 (three-to-five star) hotels in Taiwan.

The hierarchical linear modeling results suggest that perceived organizational support mediates the relationship between perceived supervisor support and organizational citizenship behavior. These findings indicate that supervisors’ organizational embodiment positively moderates the relationship between perceived supervisor support and perceived organizational support, which, in turn, mediates the interaction between perceived supervisor support and supervisors’ organizational embodiment on organizational citizenship behavior.

This is the first study to examine the moderating role of supervisors’ organizational embodiment in hospitality domain. In high or low supervisors’ organizational embodiment context, hotels are supposed to assign representative managers that could strengthen the efficiency of perceived supervisor support. Finally, employees will perceive organizational support and then lead to employee organizational citizenship behavior.

Previous research indicates that perceived organizational support positively impacts various employee outcomes. However, the antecedents and psychological mechanisms of perceived organizational support are still not well understood. This research intends to fill these gaps in the literature.

Previous studies have argued that trust and commitment can create value in cooperative relationships. However, this study observed that, in practice, trust and commitment alone may not ensure value creation in asymmetric relationships. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the mediating role of specific assets in the effects of trust and commitment on value creation in asymmetric buyer–seller relationships.

Contract manufacturers (CMs) in Asia were sampled to validate the argument proposed by this study. Most Taiwanese CMs are partnered with international brands (original equipment manufacturers [OEMs]) that have stronger bargaining power. This cooperative relationship is characteristically asymmetric. A questionnaire method was applied, and structural equation modeling was performed to verify the proposed hypotheses.

Specific asset investment (SAI) was a crucial mediator that explained the effects of trust and commitment on the relationship value of an asymmetric cooperative relationship. Past studies have claimed that power asymmetry results in an unequal distribution of benefits. Nevertheless, regarding the relationship between CMs and OEMs, the study revealed that relationship value could still be increased once the congruent goals have been achieved by both parties. This finding contradicts past theoretical predictions.

Characteristically asymmetric CMs–OEMs (seller–buyer) relationships cannot be maintained merely through trust and commitment, particularly in the context of power and resource imbalances in which the stronger party often possesses a wider selection of prospective partners. The results of this study suggested that the CM should unilaterally invest in specific assets conducive to a cooperative relationship as an expression of faith in the relationship with the stronger firm, thereby creating opportunities for value cocreation.

The analysis of the relevance of relationship quality in the context of asymmetric cooperative relationships confirmed the mediating influences of SAI on ensuring value creation and the maintenance of the relationships. Relationship value could still be created despite the highly asymmetry power relationship. The CMs’ SAI is the key mechanism for this achievement.

The reason that the ten‐year reform has encountered difficulties is not that there are mistakes in the overall target to develop a commodity economic system, but that the decision makers cannot understand properly the nature and structure of the commodity economic system and its market mechanism. They take it for granted that a highly efficient market mechanism will be formed if we practise “letting the enterprises make their own business operation decisions and share the profits with the government” on the basis of the original highly centralised product economic system, and they always try to combine the two incompatible systems of product economy and commodity economy. The radical reason that these two systems cannot be combined is that their ownership‐profit structures are mutually incompatible. The economic targets of the government, the enterprises, and the individual workers must be rectified.

Sets out the US laws that give women protection from discrimination when pregnant. Defines the scope of pregnancy disability and outlines the responsibilities that employers have under the law. Focuses on pregnancy regulations in California, describing the provisions made for pregnancy leave, the medical certification needed, the right to reinstatement, the employer’s right to transfer a pregnant employee, and the pregnant employee’s right to transfer. Sets down the policy developed by UCLA concerning pregnancy discrimination. Briefly outlines the evidence a woman would need to show to win a case of discrimination because of pregnancy.

XML Schema is used to define schema of XML documents that have become standards for data exchange in various Web-based information applications. The main problem of XML Schema is that it emphasizes syntax and format rather than semantics and knowledge representation. Hence, even though having the advantage of describing the structure and constraining the contents of XML documents, XML Schema lacks the computer-interpretability to support knowledge representation for existing information systems. The purpose of this study is to propose role-mapping annotations for XML Schema (RMAXS) to integrate Semantic Web with XML Schema, which allows the facilitation interoperability between adjoining layers of the Semantic Web stack.

The XML, XML Schema, ontology, and rule can be completely integrated into a multi-layered intelligent framework (MIF) for XML-based applications in the current web environment. This work presents a semantic-role-mapping intelligent system, called SRMIS, based on the MIF. SRMIS consists of XML-based document repository, search engine, inference engine and transformation engine, which provides different approaches to present the various metadata and knowledge representations.

The traditional Semantic Web stack has three gaps between adjoining layers. The first gap, between the XML and XML Schema layers can be bridged with an XMLSchema-instance mechanism. The third gap, between the ontology and rule layers can be connected by building rules on top of ontologies. This study proposes RMAXS to couple the second gap, between the XML schema and ontology layers. The proposed multi-layered intelligent framework (MIF) adopts these coupling technologies to facilitate interoperability between adjoining layers. Therefore, the XML, XML Schema, ontology, and rule can be completely integrated into the MIF for intelligent applications in the web environment.

To demonstrate the SRMIS applications, this work implements a prototype that helps researchers to find interested papers.

This work presents a semantic-role-mapping intelligent system, called SRMIS, based on the MIF. SRMIS consists of XML-based document repository, search engine, inference engine and transformation engine, which provides different approaches to present the various metadata and knowledge representations. The proposed SRMIS can be applied in various application domains.

The purpose of this paper is to use analytical method and optimization tools to suggest time-optimal vaccination program for a basic SIR epidemic model with mass action contact rate when supply is limited.

The Lagrange Multiplier Method and Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle are used to explore optimal control strategy and obtain analytical solution for the control system to minimize the total cost of disease with boundary constraint. The numerical simulation is done with Matlab using the sequential linear programming method to illustrate the impact of parameters.

The result highlighted that the optimal control strategy is Bang-Bang control – to vaccinate with maximal effort until either all of the resources are used up or epidemic is over, and the optimal strategies and total cost of vaccination are usually dependent on whether there is any constraint of resource, however, the optimal strategy is independent on the relative cost of vaccination when the supply is limited.

The research indicate a practical view that the enhancement of daily vaccination rate is critical to make effective initiatives to prevent epidemic from out breaking and reduce the costs of control.

The analysis of the time-optimal application of outbreak control is of clear practical value and the introducing of resource constraint in epidemic control is of realistic sense, these are beneficial for epidemiologists and public health officials.