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Article
Publication date: 23 August 2013

María Encarnación Andrés‐Martínez, Miguel Ángel Gómez‐Borja and Juan Antonio Mondéjar‐Jiménez

This research involves a review of the principal aspects of the concept of perceived price fairness in consumer purchasing behaviour.

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Abstract

Purpose

This research involves a review of the principal aspects of the concept of perceived price fairness in consumer purchasing behaviour.

Design/methodology

The research reviews the principal aspects of perceived price fairness analysed in the literature. First, it tackles the dimensions of the concept of fairness before examining the dual entitlement principle, from which the idea of reference prices and the term fair price derive.

Findings

The research establishes research ideas for further research into this important topic, which is not currently the subject of much research.

Limitations/implications

The principal limitation of the research is that it only focuses on the consumer, without analysing the vendor's point of view in pricing. Additionally, it is limited to considering the effects of perceived unfairness on satisfaction. In future research it will be important to include aspects such as loyalty or confidence in the decision making process.

Originality/value

The research offers a thorough overview of the concept of perceived price fairness, proposing several future research areas that are better adjusted to the real‐world functioning of this important concept and should lead to improved understanding.

Objetivo

El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión de los principales aspectos relacionados con la percepción de justicia de precios en el comportamiento de compra del consumidor.

Diseño/metodología

Este trabajo revisa los principales aspectos relacionados con la percepción de justicia de precios analizados en la literatura. Así, en primer lugar se abordan las distintas dimensiones que componen el concepto de justicia, y en segunda instancia, el denominado principio de doble derecho que introduce el precio de referencia y da lugar al término de precio justo.

Hallazgos

Este trabajo plantea líneas de investigación futuras para profundizar en un tema tan importante, pero poco analizado en la actualidad.

Limitaciones/implicaciones

La principal limitación de este trabajo es que se centra solo en la perspectiva del consumidor sin analizar el punto de vista del vendedor cuando fija los precios. Además, se ha considerado únicamente los efectos que la percepción de injusticia tiene sobre la satisfacción, siendo interesante incluir elementos como la lealtad o la confianza en la decisión.

Originalidad/valor

Este trabajo aporta una visión integrada del concepto de percepción de justicia de precios, planteando una serie de líneas de investigación que pueden permitir un conocimiento mejor y más adaptado a la realidad de un concepto tan relevante.

Details

Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, vol. 26 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1012-8255

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 14 August 2018

Arti Gupta and Vrijendra Singh

Despite the importance of employees’ perception of organizational justice and its impact on intention to stay, various loopholes have been identified that do not justify this…

Abstract

Purpose

Despite the importance of employees’ perception of organizational justice and its impact on intention to stay, various loopholes have been identified that do not justify this relationship. The purpose of this paper is to posit a model, which postulates the effect of procedural and interactional justice on distributive justice, which further impact employees’ intention to stay. Subsequently, it also investigates the mediating role of employees’ affective commitment.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was prepared and a survey was conducted on 500 junior and middle-level software professionals. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the proposed model.

Findings

The study concludes the positive effect of distributive, procedural and interactional justice on employees’ intention to stay. Moreover, the addition of affective commitment as a mediator, displayed an indirect influence of organizational justice on intention to stay.

Research limitations/implications

This study proposes a model to boost organizational justice to encourage employees’ intention to stay in an organization. Furthermore, considering the role of organizational commitment in enhancing intention to stay would be fruitful to the stakeholders in the IT industry.

Originality/value

No study has been reported in the context of the role of organizational justice on intention to stay while testing the contribution of affective commitment as a mediator, within a single framework. This study elucidates the influence of distributive, procedural and interactional justice on employees’ intention to stay in IT organizations.

Propósito

A pesar de la importancia de la percepción de los empleados sobre la justicia organizacional y su impacto en la intención de quedarse, se han identificado varias lagunas que no justifican esta relación. El estudio postula un modelo que postula el efecto de la justicia procesal e interactiva en la justicia distributiva, que impacta aún más la intención de los empleados de permanecer. Posteriormente, también investiga el papel mediador del compromiso afectivo de los empleados.

Diseño/metodología/enfoque

Se preparó un cuestionario y se llevó a cabo una encuesta a 500 profesionales de software de mediano y menor nivel. el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales se usó para examinar el modelo propuesto.

Resultados

El estudio concluye el efecto positivo de la justicia distributiva, procesal e interaccional sobre la intención de los empleados de permanecer. Además, la adición del compromiso afectivo como mediador, mostró una influencia indirecta de la justicia organizacional sobre la intención de permanecer.

Limitaciones de la investigación/implicaciones

este estudio propone un modelo para impulsar la justicia organizacional para alentar la intención de los empleados de permanecer en una organización. Además, considerar el papel del compromiso de la organización para mejorar la intención de permanecer sería fructífero para las partes interesadas en la industria de TI.

Originalidad/valor

no se informó ningún estudio en el contexto del papel de la justicia organizacional en la intención de permanecer mientras se prueba la contribución del compromiso afectivo como mediador, dentro de un marco único. Este estudio dilucida la influencia de la justicia distributiva, procesal e interactiva en la intención de los empleados de permanecer en las organizaciones de TI.

Article
Publication date: 23 June 2020

Francisco Trincado-Munoz, Leslier Valenzuela-Fernández and Melany Hebles

While companies have increasingly encouraged employees to adopt a customer orientation, less attention has been given to the impact that customer orientation has on employees' job…

Abstract

Purpose

While companies have increasingly encouraged employees to adopt a customer orientation, less attention has been given to the impact that customer orientation has on employees' job outcomes and performance. Previous research has used job demands-resource theory (JD-R) and proposed several mechanisms through which customer orientation influences performance, yet the intervening variables in the process have shown inconsistent results. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the contextual role of organizational justice on the relationship between customer orientation and performance through work engagement. In this way, offering more understanding of the contingent effects that intervene in the customer orientation–performance relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a structural equation model (SEM) in a sample of 249 marketing, sales and management managers in Chilean companies, this paper tested different hypotheses concerning the role of work engagement, organizational justice and customer orientation in relation to perceived performance.

Findings

This study informs that organizational justice (procedural and distributive justice) moderates the relationship between customer orientation and performance through work engagement. Precisely, the findings reveal that at lower values of organizational justice, changes in customer orientation negatively influence work engagement and in turn performance.

Originality/value

The results contribute to strengthening customer orientation theory by integrating a contextual variable often omitted: organizational justice. By exploring the moderation effect of organizational justice on customer orientation, this paper reveals contingent effects of employees' perceived fairness on the organization in the relationship between customer orientation and performance through work engagement. The findings encourage managers to look after employees' perceived organizational justice when they implement customer-oriented approaches, in particular, of those employees who work in the frontline sales and service positions.

Propósito

Mientras las empresas han incentivado la adopción de una orientación al cliente por parte de los empleados, menos atención se ha dado al impacto que la orientación al cliente tiene en los resultados laborales y el desempeño. Investigación previa ha usado la teoría de Demandas y Recursos del Trabajo (Job Demands-Resource Theory en inglés) y propuesto varios mecanismos a través de los cuales la orientación al cliente tiene un efecto en el desempeño, no obstante las variables que intervienen en el proceso han mostrado resultados inconsistentes. Por tanto, este estudio tiene por objetivo investigar el rol contextual de justicia organizacional en la relación entre orientación al cliente y performance a través del compromiso organizacional. De esta manera, ofrecer mayor entendimiento de los efectos contingentes que intervienen la relación orientación al cliente-desempeño.

Diseño/metodología/enfoque

Usando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales en una muestra de 249 ejecutivos de marketing, ventas y negocios en compañías chilenas, este estudio evalúa diferentes hipótesis respecto al rol del compromiso organizacional, justicia organizacional, y orientación al cliente en relación a la percepción del desempeño organizacional.

Hallazgos

Este estudio demuestra que la justicia organizacional (como justicia distributiva y procedural) modera la relación entre orientación al cliente y desempeño a través del compromiso organizacional. Precisamente, los resultados revelan que a menores valores de justicia organizacional, cambios en la orientación al cliente influencian negativamente el compromiso organizacional y a su vez el desempeño.

Originalidad/valor

Los resultados contribuyen a fortalecer la teoría de Orientación al Valor del Cliente integrando una variable contextual que a menudo ha sido omitida: Justicia organizacional. Explorando la moderación de la justicia organizacional en la orientación al cliente, esta investigación revela efectos contingentes de la percepción de justicia de los empleados en la organización en la relación entre orientación al cliente y el desempeño percibido a través del compromiso organizacional. Estos hallazgos invitan a los gerentes a preocuparse por la percepción de justicia de los empleados cuando deciden implementar la orientación al cliente en especial con quiénes trabajan en la provisión de servicios y atención a clientes.

Article
Publication date: 10 September 2018

Bijan Bidabad

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the first causes of right, law and legislation, namely, the philosophy of law. To know the principles of right, it is essential to…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the first causes of right, law and legislation, namely, the philosophy of law. To know the principles of right, it is essential to recognise its aim. The concept of “Justicia” is in full agreement with Islamic law. The adaptation of duty to genesis and nature is crucial to distinguish the legal and illegal domains of deeds. The legislation domain is one of the subjects of this paper.

Design/methodology/approach

In Sufi viewpoint, justice stands for: “Putting everything in its own place that causes its utmost growth”. This definition expands the domain of legislation by focusing on ethics and humanitarian transcendence. It not only considers equal living and civil rights for all the people, but also provides more additional rights for those who are more aptitude to grow.

Findings

Determining law-making borders raises the major question that how far it should be extended, providing the acceptability and stability of laws.

Practical implications

People are not equal to each other, but this inequality is not to be for domination or exploitation of the others. It means that the talent and growth capability of every individual in different situations differ.

Social implications

Real Islamic justice forces that everyone receives his right due to his/her growth eligibility and up to his/her level of inherent aptitude.

Originality/value

The depth of this approach has not been fully discussed yet.

Details

International Journal of Law and Management, vol. 60 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1754-243X

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 9 April 2018

Martin J. Conyon

This is a short commentary on Herman Aguinis, Geoffrey Martin, Luis Gomez-Mejia, Ernest Boyle and Harry Joo (2017): “Two sides of CEO pay injustice: A power law conceptualization…

Abstract

Purpose

This is a short commentary on Herman Aguinis, Geoffrey Martin, Luis Gomez-Mejia, Ernest Boyle and Harry Joo (2017): “Two sides of CEO pay injustice: A power law conceptualization of CEO over and underpayment.”

Design/methodology/approach

Using insights from prior studies on executive compensation, the author’s commentary presents a critical evaluation of “Two sides of CEO pay injustice: […].” In addition, the author offers potential avenues for further research.

Findings

The paper “Two sides of CEO pay injustice” is well executed and makes several significant contributions to the management and executive compensation literature. Particularly, noteworthy are the use of advanced quantitative methods, the use of power law distributions to explain chief executive officer (CEO) pay outcomes, the focus on pay-for-performance and the role of justice in CEO outcomes. The author’s commentary in the present paper discusses the measurement of CEO pay and performance, poses alternative estimation methods to explore the pay-for-performance link and offers thoughts on justice theory in the context of CEO pay.

Research limitations/implications

The authors’ findings may be briefly stated as CEO pay is better described by a power law distribution than a normal distribution, CEO pay is not linked to firm performance and the patterns of CEO pay does not conform to patterns of distributive justice. Overall, the authors provide an important way to evaluate CEO pay outcomes. Thy set the stage for new avenues of research.

Practical implications

CEO pay is a highly controversial subject in the domain of corporate governance. This paper offers boards of directors and policymakers a method to better understand the success or failure of boardroom pay policies.

Social implications

CEO pay is an important social measure.

Originality/value

The authors’ paper is original by offering a method for determining over and underpayment of CEOs. The author in the present paper makes suggestions on how one might extend the research.

Objetivo – Este es un comentario sobre el trabajo de Herman Aguinis, Geoffrey Martin, Luis Gomez-Mejia, Ernest Boyle y Harry Joo (2017): “Two sides of CEO pay injustice: A power law conceptualization of CEO over and underpayment”.

Diseño/metodología/aproximación – Utilizando las ideas de la literatura previa sobre retribución de ejecutivos, mi comentario presenta una evaluación crítica del artículo “Two sides of CEO pay injustice: […]”. Además, esbozo algunas ideas para la investigación futura.

Resultados – El artículo “Dos lados de la injusticia de la retribución de los CEO” está bien desarrollado y realiza varias contribuciones significativas a las literaturas de gestión y retribución de ejecutivos. En particular, son de señalar: a) el uso de métodos cuantitativos avanzados, b) el uso de la distribución de ley de poder para explicar los resultados de la retribución de los CEO, c) el foco en el pago por resultados, d) el papel de la justicia en el rendimiento del CEO. Mi comentario a) discute las medidas de retribución y rendimiento del CEO, b) propone métodos de estimación alternativos para la relación entre retribución y rendimiento y c) ofrece ideas en torno a la teoría de la justicia en el contexto de la retribución del CEO.

Implicaciones – Los resultados de los autores pueden resumirse así: a) La retribución de los CEO se describe mejor como una distribución de ley de poder que como una distribución normal, b) la retribución del CEO y el rendimiento empresarial no están conectados, c) los patrones de retribución del CEO no concuerdan con los patrones de justicia distributiva. En general, los autores proporcionan un importante método para evaluar los resultados de la retribución de los CEO y fomentar la investigación futura.

Implicaciones prácticas – La retribución del CEO es un tema muy controvertido en el ámbito del gobierno corporativo. Este artículo proporciona a los consejos de administración y a los decisores públicos un método para entender mejor el éxito o fracaso de las prácticas retributivas en los consejos de administración.

Originalidad/valor – El trabajo de los autores es original al ofrecer un método para determinar la sobre o la infra retribución de los CEO. Yo apunto algunas sugerencias sobre cómo puede extenderse esta investigación.

Objetivo – Este é um breve comentário a Herman Aguinis, Geoffrey Martin, Luis Gomez-Mejia, Ernest Boyle and Harry Joo (2017): “Two sides of CEO pay injustice: A power law conceptualization of CEO over and underpayment”.

Metodologia – Usando conhecimentos de estudos anteriores em compensação executiva, o meu comentário apresenta uma avaliação crítica de “Two sides of CEO pay injustice:….”. Adicionalmente, ofereço potenciais avenidas para investigação futura.

Resultados – O artigo “Two sides of CEO pay injustice” está bem feito e apresenta diversas contribuições importantes à literature sobre compensação executiva e de gestores. Em particular, são de salientar: a) o uso de métodos quantitativos avançados b) o uso de distribuições da lei de potência para explicar os resultados do pagamento a CEOs c) O enfoque no pagamento pela performance d) o papel da justiça nos resultados para o CEO. O meu comentário a) discute a medida de pagamento ao CEO e do desempenho b) Propõe métodos alternativos de estimação para explorar a ligação pagamento ao desempenho e c) Apresenta argumentos da teoria da justiça no contexto da compensação do CEO.

Implicações – Os resultados dos autores podem resumir-se como: a) Compensação do CEO é mais bem descrita por uma distribuição da lei de potência que por uma distribuição normal b) Compensação do CEO não está ligada à performance da empresa c) Os padrões da compensação do CEO não se conformam com justiça distributiva. Em geral, os autores fornecem uma forma importante de avaliar a compensação do CEO. Apresentam por isso novas vias para investigação futura.

Implicações práticas – Compensação do CEO é um tópico controverso do domínio da governança corporativa. Este artigo oferece aos Conselhos de Administração e decisores politicos um método para melhor perceber o sucesso ou insucesso das políticas de pagamento aos membros das Administrações.

Originalidade/valor – O artigo é original e oferece um método para determinar sobre ou sub compensação do CEO. Faço sugestões de como se pode estender a investigação.

Article
Publication date: 9 April 2018

Adam J. Wowak, Michael J. Mannor and Craig Crossland

This paper aims to explore the implications of Aguinis and colleagues’ study, and in particular their claim that the inconsistency between chief executive officer (CEO) pay and…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the implications of Aguinis and colleagues’ study, and in particular their claim that the inconsistency between chief executive officer (CEO) pay and CEO performance is reflective of a fundamental injustice. In doing so, the authors highlight issues regarding the meaning of fairness in the context of CEO pay, the extent to which CEOs can personally affect firm performance and the challenges in ascertaining whether CEOs are overpaid, underpaid or appropriately paid.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use a conceptual approach, integrating research on executive compensation and managerial discretion to lend nuance to Aguinis and colleagues’ arguments and findings.

Findings

The main takeaway of the commentary is that CEO pay fairness is a complex and multifaceted matter that can be difficult to broadly characterize. The evidence offered by Aguinis and colleagues regarding power law distributions and the weak overlap between CEO pay and CEO performance is compelling, but questions about income inequality and pay fairness rarely lend themselves to straightforward answers. Some caution is thus warranted when evaluating Aguinis and colleagues’ conclusion that the US CEO labor market is pervasively unfair.

Originality/value

The authors urge scholars who build on the work of Aguinis and colleagues to pay heed to the challenges in reconciling the twin concepts of CEO pay and CEO performance.

Objetivo – Este comentario explora las implicaciones del estudio de Aguinis y colegas, y en particular su afirmación de que la inconsistencia entre la retribución del CEO y su rendimiento es el reflejo de una injusticia fundamental. Se señalan aspectos relativos al significado de justicia en el contexto de la retribución del CEO, a la influencia del CEO sobre el resultado empresarial, y a los retos de aseverar si la retribución de los CEOs es excesiva, insuficiente o justa.

Diseño/metodología/aproximación – Los autores utilizan una aproximación conceptual, integrando investigación en retribución y discrecionalidad de ejecutivos para matizar los argumentos y resultados de Agunis y colegas.

Resultados – La principal conclusión del comentario es que el grado de justicia del pago a CEOs es un tema difícil de caracterizar de forma global. La evidencia ofrecida por Aguinis y colegas en relación a la distribución de ley de poder y la poca superposición entre la retribución y el rendimiento del CEO es fascinante, pero las cuestiones sobre inequidad y justicia de los ingresos y la retribución raramente generan respuestas sencillas. Por tanto es necesaria cierta cautela a la hora de evaluar la conclusión de Aguinis y colegas de que el mercado laboral de CEOs en Estados Unidos es fundamentalmente injusto.

Originalidad/valor – Los autores urgen a los académicos a avanzar sobre el trabajo de Aguinis y colegas y prestar atención al reto de reconciliar los conceptos de retribución del CEO y resultados del CEO.

Objetivo – Este comentário explora as implicações do estudo de Aguinis et al., e em particular a sua afirmação de que a inconsistência entre a remuneração do CEO e seu desempenho é a reflexão de uma injustiça fundamental. Aspectos relacionados com o significado da justiça são apontados no contexto da remuneração do CEO, a influência do CEO sobre o resultado do negócio, e os desafios de afirmar se a remuneração dos CEOs é excessiva, insuficiente ou justa.

Design/metodologia/aproximação – Os autores utilizam uma abordagem conceitual, integrando a pesquisa na remuneração e discrição dos executivos para clarificar os argumentos e os resultados de Agunis et al.

Resultados – A principal conclusão do comentário é que o grau de equidade do pagamento aos CEOs é um assunto difícil de caracterizar de forma global. A evidência oferecida por Aguinis et al. em relação à distribuição da lei de poder e a pequena sobreposição entre a remuneração e o desempenho do CEO é fascinante, mas as questões de desigualdade e justiça de renda e retribuição raramente geram respostas simples. Portanto, é necessária alguma cautela ao avaliar a conclusão de Aguinis et al. que o mercado de trabalho dos CEOs nos Estados Unidos é fundamentalmente injusto.

Originalidade/valor – Os autores instam aos investigadores a avançar sobre o trabalho de Aguinis et al. e prestar atenção ao desafio de conciliar os conceitos de remuneração do CEO e os seus respectivos resultados.

Details

Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, vol. 16 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1536-5433

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 23 August 2013

Enrique Ogliastri

This edition of the journal presents five papers from nine research institutions in Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia and Spain. The first uses the Johansen cointegration test to predict…

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Abstract

This edition of the journal presents five papers from nine research institutions in Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia and Spain. The first uses the Johansen cointegration test to predict Argentinian spot steer prices on the basis of Brazilian futures market for live cattle. The second uses an innovative biological model (artificial neural networks) to study the workplace well‐being of female managers in Europe. The third examines the reasons why 100 Spanish companies operating in Latin America have opted to offset the risk of exchange rate fluctuations by hedging with foreign currency debt. The fourth investigates the factors affecting the long‐term survival of gazelle companies which, following periods of extraordinary growth, need to develop and consolidate their market position. The fifth involves a literature review, analysing consumer perceptions of price fairness and the concept of price fairness itself. The journal is planning a special issue on family enterprises.

Resumen

En este número no especializado se presentan cinco artículos provenientes de nueve instituciones de Brasil, Bulgaria, Colombia y España. El primero utiliza el test de cointegración de Johansen para predecir los precios de ganado vacuno argentino con base en el mercado de futuros brasileño. El segundo utiliza un novedoso modelo de la biología (redes neuronales artificiales) para estudiar el bienestar laboral de mujeres directivas en Europa. El tercero analiza las razones por las cuales cien empresas españolas que operan en América Latina toman la decisión de cubrirse del riesgo de fluctuaciones del valor de la moneda adquiriendo deuda en divisa. El cuarto estudia los factores que inciden en la sobrevivencia a largo plazo de las empresas gacela, aquellas que tras un período de extraordinario crecimiento se deben desarrollar y consolidar en el mercado. El quinto es una revisión de la literatura que analiza la percepción de justicia de los compradores y el concepto de precio justo. La revista propone un número futuro sobre empresas de familia.

Details

Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, vol. 26 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1012-8255

Article
Publication date: 9 March 2015

Salvatore Fadda, Gabriele Giorgi, Juan Luis Benitez Muñoz, Fernando Justicia Justicia and Giuliana Solinas

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the prevalence of workplace bullying in an Italian university.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the prevalence of workplace bullying in an Italian university.

Design/methodology/approach

More than 200 workers have completed the Italian version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire.

Findings

The results show a spread of low to medium negative actions in the specific setting. In addition, the effects of negative actions on health are less serious than believed by most of the studies on workplace bullying.

Originality/value

In particular, a quadratic regression model appears to be more appropriate than a linear model.

Details

International Journal of Educational Management, vol. 29 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0951-354X

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 9 April 2018

Herman Aguinis, Geoffrey P. Martin, Luis R. Gomez-Mejia, Ernest H. O’Boyle and Harry Joo

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which chief executive officers (CEOs) deserve the pay they receive both in terms of over and underpayment.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which chief executive officers (CEOs) deserve the pay they receive both in terms of over and underpayment.

Design/methodology/approach

Rather than using the traditional normal distribution view in which CEO performance clusters around the mean with relatively little variance, the authors adopt a novel power law approach. They studied 22 industries and N = 4,158 CEO-firm combinations for analyses based on Tobin’s Q and N = 5,091 for analyses based on return on assets. Regarding compensation, they measured the CEO distribution based on total compensation and three components of CEO total pay: salary, bonus, and value of options exercised.

Findings

In total, 86 percent of CEO performance and 91 percent of CEO pay distributions fit a power law better than a normal distribution, indicating that a minority of CEOs are producing top value for their firms (i.e. CEO performance) and a minority of CEOs are appropriating top value for themselves (i.e. CEO pay). But, the authors also found little overlap between CEOs who are the top performers and CEOs who are the top earners.

Implications

The findings shed new light on CEO pay deservingness by using a novel conceptual and methodological lens that highlights systematic over and underpayment. Results suggest a violation of distributive justice and offer little support for agency theory’s efficient contracting hypothesis, which have important implications for agency theory, equity theory, justice theory, and agent risk sharing and agent risk bearing theories.

Practical implications

Results highlight erroneous practices when trying to benchmark CEO pay based on average levels of performance in an industry because the typical approach to CEO compensation based on averages significantly underpays stars and overpays average performers.

Originality/value

Results offer new insights on the extent of over and underpayment. The findings uncover an extremely large non-overlap between the top earning and top performing CEOs and to an extent far greater in magnitude than previously suggested.

Objetivo – El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue examinar si los directores ejecutivos (CEOs) merecen la remuneración monetaria que reciben.

Metodología – En lugar de utilizar el enfoque tradicional que asume que la distribución del rendimiento de CEOs sigue la curva normal (con la mayoría de CEOs agrupados en torno a la media y relativamente poca variación), adoptamos un enfoque diferente basado en la ley de potencia. Incluimos 22 industrias y N = 4.158 combinaciones de CEO-firma para análisis basados en Tobin’s Q y N = 5.091 para análisis basado en la rentabilidad de los activos. En cuanto a la remuneracion, medimos distribuciones basadas en la remuneración total y tres componentes del pago completo a los CEOs: salario, bonos, y el valor de las opciones ejercitadas.

Resultados – 86% de las distribuciones de rendimiento de CEOs y el 91% de las distribuciones de pago de los CEO se aproximan mejor a una distribución de ley de potencia que a una distribución normal. Esto indica que una minoría de los CEOs produce un valor muy superior para sus empresas (es decir, el rendimiento CEO) y una minoría de los CEOs apropia valor superior para sí mismos (es decir, pago de los CEO). Sin embargo, encontramos muy poco solapamiento entre aquellos CEOs que se desempeñan mejor y los CEOs que ganan más.

Implicaciones – Nuestros hallazgos usando una conceptualización y metodología novedosas ponen en relieve que a muchos CEOs se les paga demasiado y que a muchos no se les paga suficiente (en comparación con su desempeño). Los resultados sugieren una violación de los principios de justicia distributiva y no apoyan la hipótesis de “contratación eficiente,” y tienen implicaciones para para la teoría de la agencia, de la equidad, de la justicia, y de la distribución de riesgos.

Implicaciones prácticas – Los resultados destacan las prácticas erróneas con respecto a la distribución de compensación a CEOs que se basan en los niveles medios de rendimiento en una industria. Estas prácticas llevan a no pagar suficiente a los directivos “estrella” y pagar demasiado a los directivos con desempeño medio.

Originalidad/valor – Los resultados ofrecen nuevas perspectivas sobre la relación entre desempeño y compensación de CEOs y que los que se desempeñan mejor no son los que reciben más pago, y viceversa. Estas diferencias son mucho más grandes de que lo que se creía anteriormente.

Objetivo – O objetivo do nosso estudo foi examinar se os CEOs merecem a compensação monetária que recebem.

Metodologia – Em vez de utilizar a abordagem tradicional que assume que a distribuição do desempenho do CEO segue a curva normal (com a maioria dos CEOs agrupados em torno da média e relativamente pouca variação), adotamos uma abordagem diferente com base num enfoque inovador da lei de potência. Incluímos 22 indústrias e N = 4.158 combinações de CEO-empresa para análise baseada no Q de Tobin e N = 5091 para análise baseado na rentabilidade dos ativos. Em relação à compensação, medimos as distribuições de CEO com base no total de compensação e três componentes do pagamento total dos CEOs: salário, bônus e o valor das opções exercidas.

Resultados – 86% do desempenho do CEO e 91% das distribuições de pagamento do CEO correspondem a uma lei de potência melhor do que uma distribuição normal, indicando que uma minoria de CEOs está produzindo valor superior para suas empresas (ou seja, desempenho do CEO) e uma minoria de CEOs se apropriando do valor superior para si próprios (isto é, o salário do CEO). Mas, também encontramos pouca sobreposição entre CEOs que tem os melhores desempenhos e os CEOs que tem as maiores ganancias.

Implicações – Nossas descobertas lançam nova luz sobre o merecimento do pagamento do CEO, usando uma nova lente conceitual e metodológica que destaca o excessivo e o baixo pagamento sistemático. Os resultados sugerem uma violação da justiça distributiva e não apoiam a hipótese da contratação eficiente, e tem implicações para a teoria da agência, teoria da igualdade, teoria da justiça e distribuição de riscos.

Implicações práticas – Os resultados destacam práticas errôneas quando se tenta benchmark de remuneração do CEO baseado em níveis médios de desempenho em uma indústria, porque essas práticas levam a não pagar o suficiente aos CEOs “estrela” e pagar em excesso CEOs com desempenho médio.

Originalidade/valor – Os resultados oferecem novas perspectivas sobre a relação entre desempenho e retribuição dos CEOs e que os que desempenham melhor não são os que recebem um pagamento maior, e vice-versa. Estas diferenças são muito maiores do que se pensava anteriormente.

Article
Publication date: 5 November 2019

David Parra Camacho, Manuel Alonso Dos Santos and Daniel Duclos Bastias

The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the influence of enthusiasm, fair social distribution of costs and benefits and the quality of the information received…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the influence of enthusiasm, fair social distribution of costs and benefits and the quality of the information received through the media in the support for holding sporting events and in future intentions of the Football Copa America held in Chile.

Design/methodology/approach

Through partial least squares structural equation modelling, two samples from two host cities (Concepción=373; Viña del Mar=267) are analysed.

Findings

Enthusiasm, the perception of the fair distribution and the quality of the information positively influence the support for sporting events and the future intentions. In the same way, the quality of the information positively influences enthusiasm and fair social distribution. Significant changes were observed between the two cities in the relationships between the quality of the information and the variables of future intentions and enthusiasm and between this variable and those of support and the future intentions of the residents.

Research limitations/implications

The convenience sampling limits the extrapolation of the results.

Practical implications

An adequate management of the quality of the information, social justice and enthusiasm can contribute to forming a social representation of the event that determines the backing or the behaviour of the citizens.

Social implications

Examination of the negative perceptions that cause bad feeling amongst the population receives a mega-event.

Originality/value

The contribution of theoretical evidence about possible data can determine the social backing and the behaviour of the residents in welcoming a major sporting event.

Objetivo

Comparar y comprobar la influencia del entusiasmo, la distribución social justa de los beneficios y costes y la calidad de la información recibida a través de los medios de comunicación en el respaldo a la celebración de los eventos deportivos y en las intenciones futuras de los residentes de la Copa América de Fútbol (CAF) celebrada en Chile.

Diseño/Metodología/Enfoque

A través de PLS-SEM se analizan dos muestras de dos ciudades anfitrionas (Concepción=373; Viña del Mar=267).

Resultados

El entusiasmo, la percepción sobre la distribución social justa y la calidad de la información influyen positivamente en el apoyo a los eventos deportivos y en las intenciones futuras. Asimismo, la calidad de información influye positivamente en el entusiasmo y la distribución social justa. Se observaron cambios significativos entre las dos ciudades en las relaciones entre la calidad de información y las variables de intenciones futuras y entusiasmo y entre esta variable y las de apoyo y las intenciones futuras de los residentes.

Limitaciones de la investigación/implicaciones

El muestreo de conveniencia limita la extrapolación de los resultados.

Implicaciones prácticas

Una adecuada gestión de la calidad de la información, la justicia social y el entusiasmo puede contribuir a formar una representación social del evento que determine el respaldo o el comportamiento de los ciudadanos.

Implicaciones sociales

Examinar las percepciones negativas que causan malestar entre la población que recibe un mega-evento.

Originalidad/valor

Aporta evidencias teóricas sobre posibles datos que pueden determinar el respaldo social y el comportamiento de los residentes en la acogida de un gran evento deportivo.

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