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Environmental uncertainty (EU) and firm size (FS) generate inertial forces that can push small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to emphasize either exploration or exploitation. In this article, the authors explore how structural (e.g. formal processes, control and discipline) and social (e.g. employee support and decision-making involvement) managerial instruments counteract such inertial forces and enable SME ambidexterity. Building on the organization-context literature, the authors propose a model in which EU and firms' size moderate the relationship between structural and social managerial instruments on SME ambidexterity.

The authors examined a moderation model using surveys of chief executive officers (CEOs) and performance archival data from 237 Chilean SMEs.

The authors find that the positive effect of structure on SME ambidexterity decreases with FS. In contrast, social instruments have a positive effect on ambidexterity for larger firms, especially for those operating in uncertain environments. In cases in which EU and firms' size reinforce the exploration or exploitation tendencies of SMEs, structural and social instruments play a complementary role in achieving ambidexterity.

The authors contribute by proposing a contingent mix of structural and social instruments to enable SME ambidexterity. These results inform policymakers and SME managers by suggesting strategies to promote ambidexterity based on firms' size and EU.

The authors analyzed the effects of importing activities on both technological and non-technological innovation in Chile. They contribute to the literature by hypothesizing and testing the idea that importing activities can foster the introduction of product, process, marketing and organizational innovations in emerging market firms.

The authors used a combination of two economic surveys that included 1,347 Chilean companies. To test their hypotheses, they applied a variant of the Crépon-Duguet-Mairesse (CDM) model (Crépon et al., 1998) accounting for technological and non-technological innovation outputs. Specifically, four alternative innovation output indicators were used to measure the introduction of product, process, marketing and organizational innovations.

The results revealed that importing activities had positive effects on technological and non-technological innovation. Importers showed a significant advantage in the introduction of product, marketing and organizational innovations. Firms that both import and export (i.e. two-way traders) had an even greater advantage in the introduction of new or significantly improved products.

The authors demonstrated a relationship between importing activities and both technological and non-technological innovation that is novel and relevant, particularly at a historical moment when COVID-19 poses huge economic challenges to emerging market firms. As trade disruptions caused by the pandemic have predisposed some governments to favor protectionist policies, the authors warn that erecting barriers against imports can hamper the innovative success of local businesses.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of competition on both innovation inputs and outputs in Chilean firms. More specifically, the authors investigate whether there is an inverted-U relationship at different stages of the innovation process.

The sample covers 1,347 firms that responded to both the 4th Chilean Longitudinal Enterprise Survey and the 10th Chilean Innovation Survey. The CDM model (Crépon et al., 1998) is applied to correct for selectivity bias and endogeneity. Competition is proxied by measures of market concentration. The robustness of the results is checked using four alternative indicators.

The results strongly suggest that competition and both R&D and innovation intensities are linked by an inverted U-shaped curve. The estimated effects of competition on innovation output and labor productivity are rather ambiguous. Thus, market structure would be influencing the firms’ incentives to innovate, but not necessarily their innovation performance.

The model is based on cross-sectional data, hampering the possibility to control for unobserved heterogeneity. Competitive pressures from potential entrants and foreign markets are not captured in the analysis.

Moderate levels of competition would be the optimal market structure in terms of promoting more business R&D and innovation spending.

A previously unutilized data set covering the whole economy is used. Estimations are executed at three different stages of the innovation process. Two types of innovation input and four types of innovation output are taken into account.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los efectos de la competencia sobre los insumos y los productos de la innovación en empresas chilenas. Más específicamente, los autores investigan si existe una relación en forma de U invertida en diferentes etapas del proceso de innovación.

La muestra abarca 1.347 empresas chilenas que respondieron la 4ª Encuesta Longitudinal de Empresas y la 10ª Encuesta Nacional de Innovación. El modelo CDM (Crépon et al., 1998) es aplicado con el fin de corregir por sesgo de selección y endogeneidad. La competencia es representada por medidas de concentración de mercado. La robustez de los resultados es verificada usando cuatro indicadores alternativos.

Los resultados sugieren claramente que la competencia y las intensidades de I+D e innovación están vinculadas por una curva en forma de U invertida. Los efectos estimados de la competencia sobre la producción de innovación y la productividad laboral resultan ser más bien ambiguos. Así, la estructura de mercado estaría influyendo en los incentivos de las empresas para innovar, pero no necesariamente en los resultados del proceso de innovación.

El modelo se basa en datos de corte transversal, dificultando la posibilidad de controlar la heterogeneidad no observada. Las presiones competitivas de potenciales entrantes y mercados extranjeros no se reflejan en el análisis.

Niveles moderados de competencia serían la estructurada de mercado óptima para promover un mayor gasto en I+D e innovación en el sector empresarial.

Se usa un conjunto de datos no utilizado previamente y que cubre toda la economía. Las estimaciones se realizan en tres etapas diferentes del proceso de innovación. Se tienen en cuenta dos tipos de insumos de innovación y cuatro tipos de resultados de innovación.

Competencia, I+D, Innovación, Productividad, Chile

Trabajo de investigación

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os efeitos da competição nos insumos e produtos de inovação em empresas chilenas. Mais especificamente, os autores investigam se existe uma relação na forma de um U invertido em diferentes estágios do processo de inovação.

A amostra inclui 1.347 empresas que responderam a 4ª Pesquisa Longitudinal de Empresas e 10ª Pesquisa Nacional de Inovação. O modelo CDM (Crépon et al., 1998) é aplicado para corrigir o viés de seleção e endogeneidade. A competição é representada por medidas de concentração de mercado. A robustez dos resultados é verificada usando quatro indicadores alternativos.

Os resultados sugerem claramente que a competição e as intensidades de P&D e inovação estão ligadas por uma curva em U invertido. Por sua vez, os efeitos estimados da concorrência na produção de inovação e na produtividade do trabalho revelam-se bastante ambíguos. Assim, a estrutura de mercado estaria influenciando os incentivos das empresas para inovar, mas não necessariamente nos resultados do processo de inovação.

O modelo é baseado em dados transversais, dificultando o controle da heterogeneidade não observada. As pressões competitivas de concorrentes potenciais e mercados estrangeiros não são refletidas na análise.

Níveis moderados de concorrência seriam a estrutura de mercado ideal para promover maior gasto em P&D e inovação no setor empresarial.

Este artigo usa um conjunto de dados anteriormente não utilizado e que abrange toda a economia. As estimativas são feitas em três etapas diferentes do processo de inovação. Dois tipos de insumos de inovação e quatro tipos de resultados da inovação são considerados.

Competição, P&D, Inovação, Produtividade, Chile

Trabalho de investigação

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Previous studies have mostly discussed the impact of environmental policy on enterprise innovation, but the discussion on how turbulence in environmental policy may affect firms' green innovation has been insufficient. This paper explores the effect of environmental policy uncertainty on corporate green innovation in the turnover of environmental protection officials (EPOT) context.

The authors manually collected the data on the EPOT of 280 Chinese prefecture-level cities, and used the Poisson regression model to conduct empirical analyses based on the panel data of 1472 Chinese listed manufacturing firms from 2008 to 2017.

The results show that environmental policy uncertainty leads firms to reduce their green patent applications only for green invention patent applications. Such an effect is more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs). In addition, when the new directors of the Ecology and Environmental Bureau take office through promotions or are no more than 55 years old, the negative effect is more obvious, but there is no significant difference regardless of whether new directors have worked in environmental protection departments.

First, this paper supplements the research on the antecedents of corporate green innovation from the perspective of environmental policy uncertainty and extends the applications of real options theory. Second, this paper expands the research on the government–business relationship from the EPOT perspective.