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Introduces the concept of jury trial simulation and outlines a number of different techniques used. Briefly looks at the future development through new computer software and concludes that the evidence available suggests that jury trial simulation works.

Shows how Kellogg’s used an integrated marketing campaign to launch a new fruit snack into the UK market; it included PR, ambient media, web and TV. Argues that this innovative approach was a major factor in the product’s success: the creative idea was that Real Fruit Winders were an anarchic from of fruit that children could eat, play with and use to communicate with each other, and a world of fruits was created with its own Chewchat language as well as characters. Identifies the key marketing insight as children’s need for interactivity, which connects their interests like gaming and the Internet but was previously absent from the snack market. Illustrates this with a look at the Chewchats website and how children could interact with the brand, plus the campaign which distributed Chewchat stickers in magazines, and at cinemas and concerts.

Investigates the differences in protocols between arbitral tribunals and courts, with particular emphasis on US, Greek and English law. Gives examples of each country and its way of using the law in specific circumstances, and shows the variations therein. Sums up that arbitration is much the better way to gok as it avoids delays and expenses, plus the vexation/frustration of normal litigation. Concludes that the US and Greek constitutions and common law tradition in England appear to allow involved parties to choose their own judge, who can thus be an arbitrator. Discusses e‐commerce and speculates on this for the future.

E‐commerce plays an important role in today’s business environment, and that role will continue to grow each year. eMarketer predicts that by “2004, world wide e‐commerce revenues are expected to total USD 2.7 trillion”. E‐commerce continues to grow in the United States. “The Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce announced today that the estimate of U.S. retail e‐commerce sales for the first quarter of 2004, not adjusted for seasonal, holiday, and trading‐day differences, was $15.5 billion, an increase of 28.1 per cent (±2.9 per cent) from the first quarter of 2003.” “According to a new study by RoperASW and AOL Time Warner, Europeans spent on average EUR430 on line between August and October 2002.” This compares with an average spend of EUR543 per head in the US over the same period.

IT is not here proposed to list all the aero‐planes in use with the Deutsche Luftwaffe, but only to describe some representative examples of the latest equipment. The German policy is known to have been the development primarily, of a strong striking force, so that the first really modern aeroplanes to be issued to the re‐born air arm were bombers. In the first place these were converted Junkers Ju 52–3m, followed by the military version of the Ju 86. Even the Heinkel He 111k, which is still one of the main bomber types, was flown as a prototype in 1936 in the nominal guise of a high‐speed passenger and mail aeroplane.

Given approximations to the electrostatic potential and the current densities in a semicon‐ductor device model, a method is described and analyzed for computing moments of the carrier densities, as will be used in a consistent finite‐element discretization of the full system of equations commonly adopted for such models. It is also shown how the current density distribution obtained from a Scharfetter‐Gummel method is compatible with this procedure, and leads to a global accuracy of at least first order in the mesh size. The convergence analysis depends only on the electrostatic potential and the current densities being reasonably smooth functions, and not on bounded derivatives of the carrier densities or on a limit in the change in electrostatic potential between neighbouring mesh points.

IF I am to cover the development of the Ju 86 wing in this short paper, it will be obvious that I shall not be able to touch upon all the aerodynamic problems encountered. Thus I shall deal particularly with the modern problem of lateral stability about the longitudinal axis, or “wing‐dropping.”

Purpose: This paper discusses some of the contending issues in the legal environment of business in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) as they relate to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Given that ‘fear of national laws’ has been consistently cited as a major factor inhibiting foreign investments in the region, this paper argues that ‘arbitration/alternative dispute resolution’ (A/ADR) offers a strategically complementary adjudicative system to mitigate this adverse perception. Design/methodology/approach: Based on a synthesis of the literature, the paper, first, outlines the emerging A/ADR‐driven trends in global business. From this premise, it focuses the market transition challenges facing SSA and identifies the disparate regional legal systems, with their backgrounds and origins in common, civil and Islamic laws, as primary issues of concern. Findings: Apart from lacking uniformity in application, the legal strictures have made the resolution of legal and contractual obligations much more cumbersome and expensive, thereby discouraging significant FDI flow to SSA. Research limitations/implications: The need to secure the confidence of investors by reforming the law and the adjudication process appears compelling. However, the socio‐cultural considerations that should naturally embed effective arbitral protocols are not addressed in this paper. Originality/value: A/ADR mechanism is not presently a key feature in the legal environment of business in SSA. However, it is likely to prove a more functional adjudication process than the procedural formalities of litigation. By its characterization, this approach promotes the creative implementation of a “home‐grown” frame work for commercial dispute resolution, thus avoiding the drudgeries of litigation but at the same time providing the needed catalysts for enabling FDI.

We suggest that, in some specific settings, individuals may distinguish and be sensitive not only to the distributive, procedural, social, and informational dimensions of justice, but also subdivide the distributive justice dimension into two facets‐reward and task distributive justice. Results of three studies with Portuguese public university teachers reveal that a five‐factor model of justice (distribution of tasks, distribution of rewards, procedural, interpersonal, informational) is adequate, although factor analyses are not categorical in distinguishing interpersonal and informational justice. Results also show that individuals who work with high autonomy and outside close supervisory control in performing their jobs may be very sensitive to the way they feel treated by their superiors, even accepting as normal that the superiors make decisions with no participation, a finding that may be due to the feminine, affiliative, and high power distance cultural context.

Considerable confusion reigns as to whether social rights are genuine rights and whether they are justiciable, that is to say whether they are subject to scrutiny by the courts ‐ and, if so, to what extent. The confusion is kept alive not to say enhanced by a large number of legal writers who, for ideological reasons, will not accept that social rights are full rights in themselves and will not even reconcile themselves to the fact that they are part of positive law. I believe therefore that it is important ‐ indeed high time ‐ for us, firstly, to review the various arguments put forward ‐ particularly by German writers ‐ and examine them from a purely legal viewpoint in order to show that social rights are justiciable and, secondly, to highlight the “structural” characteristics of social rights which lend their justiciability certain distinctive traits.