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Recent studies indicating long term dependence in stock market indices have found a mean reversion process. However, studies using rescaled range (R/S) analysis have not found evidence of a mean reversion or ergodic process. Instead, evidence from these studies indicate either long term persistence in a nonperiodic cycle or short run Markovian dependence with no long term persistence. The purpose of this paper is to study the issue of long term dependence using rescaled range analysis. The empirical results obtained in this study support the persistent dependence/nonperiodic cycle results and suggest that the dependence arises from the general economic cycle.

Consistent with the requirements of online auditing performance assessments, the purpose of this paper is to propose an influence factors analysis method using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and grey incidence analysis (GIA) to analyze the importance degree of influence factors on online auditing performance quantitatively.

A grey incidence model is developed to analyze the influence factors of online auditing performance based on the characteristics of online auditing. Then, the AHP is used to compute the weights of each assessment criterion of online auditing, and the performance of online auditing are computed. Finally, representing the performance assessment results computed by AHP and values of each assessment criterion as two sequences, GIA is used to analyze the importance degree of influence factors of online auditing performance quantitatively.

The main, secondary and minor influence factors of performance assessment of the online auditing project are identified. For online auditing projects, costs incurred are not the main influence factors of performance. Online auditing projects with higher benefits, higher quality and better design are the really effective ones. Besides, there is no direct relationship between the value of the weight of each criterion and the value of the degree of grey incidence.

The results of this study provide useful decision information to implement online auditing projects.

An effective method for analyzing the importance degree of influence factors of online auditing performance quantitatively is provided in this study.

The purpose of this paper is to summarize a simulation study that analyzed the performance of Bayesian audit strategies in a novel fashion – dynamically and with varying sample sizes depending on the extent of an auditor's prior information.

The prior information for the Bayesian strategies arises from a set of control tests that are evaluated making use of reliability theory. The entire audit strategy is simulated under systematically different control reliabilities and related amounts of total misstatements in an accounting population.

The major finding is that robust Bayesian audit strategies that have recently been developed in auditing research are more sensitive to non‐sampling errors than existing strategies of audit practice.

The authors find that there are differential effects of sampling error vs non‐sampling error on the Bayesian strategies and that controls testing does not need to be extensive to get full internal control reliance.

The paper adds to existing research by examining the performance of various Bayesian audit strategies under more realistic audit conditions of sampling and non‐sampling uncertainty.

The purpose of this paper is to capture and understand the nature of the relationship between e-government development and the digital economy.

Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model and Fountain’s technology enactment theory, a multidimensional research model was developed. The model was tested empirically through an international study of 67 countries using reputable archival data, primarily including the UN’s e-government survey and the Economist Intelligence Unit’s digital economy rankings.

The empirical findings indicate a strong positive reciprocal (two-way) relationship between e-government development and the digital economy. This finding provides empirical evidence to support the general notion of “co-evolution” between technology and organisations. The study also finds that along with social, economic, political, technological and demographic factors, certain national cultural characteristics have significant effects on the digital economy and e-government development.

Relying on archival global data sets, this study is constrained by the coverage and formulation of the data set indices, the sample size (67 countries), and the impossibility of detecting errors that may occur in the process of data collection. Therefore, caution should be taken when making generalisations about the findings of this study.

The paper addresses a deficit of empirical research that is supported by sound and established theories to explain short-term dynamics and the long-term impact of the digital economy on public administration. The study contributes to a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the dynamic relationship between e-government development and the digital economy.

That asset returns are typically neither independent nor normally distributed is a stylised fact of many financial markets. We examine market returns for a number of emerging Asian nations before and during the Asian crisis and global financial crisis periods and consider how well these are described by the assumptions of normality and independence. Specifically we seek to ask how – if at all – these crises impacted upon the time-series properties of stock market returns in the emerging Asian economies. The first part of the chapter examines the comparative fit of the normal distribution to daily stock market returns for each of the economies under observation. The second part of the chapter follows with an examination of dependence relations in emerging Asian market returns around the crises periods.

Dietary inflammatory potential (DIP) is a novel dietary index designed to evaluate individuals’ diets with considering inflammation and anti-inflammation score. In addition, adhesion molecules including soluble intracellular adhesion molecules-1 (sICAM-1), soluble cellular adhesion molecules-1 (sVCAM-1) and E-selectin are important biomarkers to assess endothelium dysfunction which are related to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. Also, there is no study for assessing the association between adhesion molecules and DIP until now as well as other studies that assessed the relationship between dietary inflammatory index or DIP has controversy. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the correlation between DIP and endothelial markers such as E-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 among female nurses from Isfahan. In this study, DIP was used instead of DII.

This study was performed on 420 healthy nurses. The nurses were selected by random cluster sampling method from private and public Isfahan hospitals. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was applied to assess the DIP. A fasting blood sample was collected for measuring the plasma levels of the endothelial markers and other variables.

After adjusting different potential confounders, no statistical association was found between DIP and sICAM-1, E–selectin and sVCAM-1 in Model I (P = 0.57, 0.98 and 0.45), Model II (P = 0.57, 0.98 and 0.45) and Model III (P = 0.67, 0.92 and 0.50) in comparison to the crude group (P = 0.35, 0.83 and 0.49, respectively).

The results revealed that the plasma levels of endothelial markers including E-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were not significantly associated with DIP in female nurses.

This paper aims to examine the extent of ethical values information disclosure on the top 100 Malaysian and Indonesian companies’ annual reports using coercive isomorphism under the institutional theory.

Using the content analysis, the presence or exclusion of ethical values information disclosed on 100 Malaysian and Indonesian companies’ annual reports using a newly developed Ethical Values Disclosure Index is carried out.

The results of the analysis found that Indonesian companies on average disclosed 31 items under study compared to 27 items disclosed by the companies in Malaysia. The results suggest that Indonesian companies are more vigilant in the code of ethics, companies policy on ethical issues, monitoring program and accountability, ethical performance, ethical infrastructure and organizational responsibility aspects, whereas their Malaysian counterparts are better in reporting governance and integrity committee or board of directors.

The findings may not be applicable to other countries in the same region, nevertheless, revealed the importance of adequate ethical values disclosure in determining the level of ethical behavior.

Companies in Indonesia are coercively pressed by various influential stakeholder groups to address ethical issues. The less disclosure regarding corporate ethical behavior may indicate that unethical practices continue to be a problem in the Malaysian corporate sector.

This paper adds to the literature by examining the elements of ethical values adapted mainly from the professional bodies that regulate the accounting profession and other organizations using the institutional theory, particularly in two countries.

The literature contains an ongoing debate concerning virtual or boundaryless organisations. This article suggests that virtual/boundaryless organisations are a logical continuation of the development of industrial organisation. We can see three important recurrent management characteristics demonstrating continuity throughout the period reaching from the Industrial Revolution through to the virtual organisation. These are knowledge management, technology management and relationship management. Furthermore, there can also be seen an important issue for management concerning market competitiveness; this is the necessity of identifying and managing the interfaces between these management areas. The article reviews the development of industrial organisation and proposes a model, which offers a basis for evaluating the design of virtual organisations, and attempts to answer the question: is the virtual organisation a “new lamp”?

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent of fraud prevention disclosure on the Malaysian public universities’ websites.

The level of fraud prevention information disclosure was examined using content analysis of all 20 public universities in Malaysia based on the university fraud prevention disclosure index (UFPDi) previously developed by the authors’ research team.

The disclosures of eight aspects of fraud prevention policies, responses, initiatives and mechanisms were not satisfactory. Possible reasons could be because of lack of awareness and appreciation on the institutional mechanisms and lack of formal pressure from the relevant authority.

Data collection for analysis was conducted during a period of one month only due to rapid changes of the information on the websites.

The low level of disclosure using UFPDi will prompt the Malaysian public universities to take proactive actions in promoting transparent and good governance among the university staff hence assisting the government in addressing the fraud problem that is plaguing the nation.

This paper is an extension to the authors’ previous work on UFPDi. It further explains and highlights the extent of fraud prevention disclosures among academic institutions who are receiving financial resources from the government.