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Since the late 1970s mounting concern about farming practices and agricultural policy has coincided with a steady decrease in the funds available for publicly‐funded research. Major reorganisation taking place in agricultural research is forcing library and information departments to reassess the range of services they offer. The increasing pressure to seek commercial sponsorship in order to offset the effects of cuts, will have repercussions for information practitioners who will have to market their services more aggressively, extend their horizons, and increasingly come to regard information as a tradeable commodity. Information will become more commonly available to the end‐user without the necessity for an intermediary, both on the farm and in the laboratory.

A synopsis is presented of the numerical finite element methodology currently in use at the Institute for Computer Applications (ICA) for the simulation of industrial forming processes. The development of the method is based on the inelastic properties of the material with an extension towards the inclusion of elastic effects and accounts for the thermal phenomena occurring in the course of the deformation. An essential constituent of the computational procedure is the treatment of the unsteady contact developing between the workpiece material and the tool during forming, and of the associated friction phenomena. Automatic mesh generation and variable discretization adaptable to the development of the numerical solution are of importance for industrial applications. These aspects are presented and discussed. Furthermore, solution techniques for thermomechanically coupled problems are considered and investigated with respect to their numerical properties. Application to industrial forming processes is demonstrated by means of three‐dimensional hot rolling and of superplastic sheet forming.

Novel Feature Protects Airframe and Undercarriage Fairey Hydraulics, a member of the Fairey Holdings Group, has been selected by Westland Helicopters to design and manufacture the tricycle undercariage oleo legs for the new Lynx 3, military and W30–300 civil and military helicopters. In the event of unusually heavy landings, a special feature built into military versions, provides protection to both the aircraft structure and the undercarriage itself.

A new method of designing electromagnetic devices is presented in this paper. As a result of applying a very effective algorithm for non‐linear minimax optimization, a flexible method for Computer Aided Design (CAD) of electromagnetic devices has been obtained. The algorithm is based on successive linear approximation of the functions defining the problem. In each iteration step those functions are computed with the aid of the Finite Element Method (FEM). The resulting linear sub‐problems are solved in the minimax sense subject to the linear equality and inequality constraints. The application of the new method for the design of two different examples are presented. The first example is a classical case of shape designing with the aid of the independent nodes movement (INM) method. In the second example the applied equality constraints added to INM have reduced the problem to the optimal location. In both cases the method proved its flexibility and usefulness in CAD.

The Robots V conference and exhibition in Dearborn, Detroit, gave European robot makers an opportunity to show how they could tackle American firms on their own ground.

How do entrepreneurs use simple rules to build their business models? Based on an inductive study of three Chinese Internet and technology firms, the authors find that business models emerge from simple rules that entrepreneurs learn from their experience. Simple rules also guide entrepreneurs to actualize and exploit opportunities in the marketplace, and they can help business models evolve through market feedback, especially in internationalization. This paper aims to delve into the black box of entrepreneurial decision-making and offer a better depiction of the business model development process in uncertain and fast-changing environments and thus provide guidance for future entrepreneurs.

Following the case method (Eisenhardt, 1989; Yin, 2003), the authors first present a thick description of characteristics of three companies and the dynamics of their business models. They then code these descriptions into first-order measures. Finally, they aggregate these measures into abstract constructs. They constantly compare the theoretical constructs and the emerging theory with the existing literature on business models.

The authors generate three key insights from the findings: business models emerge from simple rules learned from entrepreneurs’ experience, simple rules help entrepreneurs exploit and actualize opportunities in the marketplace and simple rules help businesses expand and evolve business models through market feedback, especially in internationalization.

This paper falls into the intersection of strategy and entrepreneurship – an emerging new field of strategic entrepreneurship – and is concerned with how businesses create and sustain a competitive advantage while simultaneously identifying and exploiting new opportunities. The authors bring people – the individual decision-makers for businesses – back in strategy research and depict a more realistic picture of the behavior of successful entrepreneurs and their business model development process.

July 29, 1970 Trade Union — Recognition of — Post Office employees — Two recognised trade unions — New Act setting up Post Office as public corporation — Employment of former employees continued — Variation in Terms and conditions of employment to be subject to discussion or negotiation with “appropriate staff associations” — New corporation's decision to recognise only one union — Notification to members of withdrawal of recognition from other union — Whether a breach of contract — Whether ultra vires and in breach of statutory duty — Post Office Act, 1969 (c.48) Sch.1, para.11.

Purpose – The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the conceptual and historical genesis of the gradual release of responsibility (GRR) model (Pearson & Gallagher, 1983) which has become one of the most commonly used instructional frameworks for research and professional development in the field of reading and literacy.

Design/Methodology/Approach – This chapter uses a narrative, historical approach to describe the emergence of the model in the work taking place in the late 1970s and early 1980s in reading research and educational theory, particularly at the Center for the Study of Reading at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana as carried out by David Pearson, Meg Gallagher, and their colleagues.

Findings – The GRR Model began, in part, in response to the startling findings of Dolores Durkin’s (1978/1979) study of reading comprehension instruction in classrooms which found that little instruction was occurring even while students were completing numerous assignments and question-response activities. Pearson and Gallagher were among those researchers who took seriously the task of developing an instructional model and approach for comprehension strategy instruction that included explicit instruction. They recognized a need for teachers to be responsible for leading and scaffolding instruction, even as they supported learners in moving toward independent application of strategies and independence in reading. Based in the current research in the reading field and the rediscovery of the work of Vygotsky (1978) and the descriptions of scaffolding as coined by Wood, Bruner, and Ross (1976), Pearson and Gallagher developed the model of gradual release. Over time, the model has been adapted by many literacy scholars, applied to curriculum planning, used with teachers for professional development, reprinted numerous times, and with the advent of the Internet, proliferated even further as teachers and educators share their own versions of the model. This chapter introduces readers to the original model and multiple additional representations/iterations of the model that emerged over the past few decades. This chapter also attends to important nuances in the model and to some misconceptions of the instructional model.

Research Limitations/Implications – Despite the popularity of the original GRR model developed by Pearson and Gallagher and the many adaptations of the model by many collaborators and colleagues in literacy – and even beyond – there have been very few publications that have explored the historical and conceptual origins of the model and its staying power.

Practical Implications – This chapter will speak to researchers, teachers, and other educators who use the GRR model to help guide thinking about instruction in reading, writing, and other content areas with children, youth, pre-service teachers, and in-service teachers. This chapter provides a thoughtful discussion of multiple representations of the gradual release process and the nuances of the model in ways that will help to dispel misuse of the model while recognizing its long-standing and sound foundation on established socio-cognitive principles and instructional theories such as those espoused by Jerome Bruner, Lev Vygotsky, Anne Brown, and others.

Originality/Value of Paper – This chapter makes an original contribution to the field in explaining the historical development and theoretical origins of the GRR model by Pearson and Gallagher (1983) and in presenting multiple iterations of the model developed by Pearson and his colleagues in the field.