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Article
Publication date: 14 April 2020

Joel Rudin, Tejinder Billing, Andrea Farro and Yang Yang

This study aims to test bigenderism, a universalistic theory that purports to explain why trans men employees enjoy greater organizational acceptance and superior economic…

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to test bigenderism, a universalistic theory that purports to explain why trans men employees enjoy greater organizational acceptance and superior economic outcomes compared to trans women employees.

Design/methodology/approach

Respondents were presented with one of two case studies in which they had to choose whether or not to respect the right of a trans employee to use the restroom of their choice at work. The only difference between the two case studies was the gender of the trans employee. In one case, the employee was a trans man and in the other case, the employee was a trans woman.

Findings

The gender of the trans employee had no impact on the choices of the respondents.

Research limitations/implications

The chief research implication is that heightened discrimination against trans men may better be explained by situational theories of transphobia rather than the universalistic theory that was tested in this paper. The primary research limitation was the use of American undergraduate business students as respondents.

Practical implications

Organizations need to be especially vigilant in protecting the restroom rights of their transgender employees, which may entail eliminating gender-segregated restrooms.

Originality/value

This paper is original in that it uses an experimental design to test the theory of bigenderism. It adds value by encouraging experimental research that examines situational theories of transphobia.

Details

Organization Management Journal, vol. 17 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1541-6518

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 22 September 2022

Joel Rudin, Robert D'Intino, Robert Fleming, Jennifer Nicholson and Straso Jovanovski

The purpose of this paper is to measure the effects of COVID-19 on student learning. Using boundary theory and border theory, the authors hypothesize that learning will be highest…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to measure the effects of COVID-19 on student learning. Using boundary theory and border theory, the authors hypothesize that learning will be highest in 2019, the year before the pandemic, and lowest in 2020, the year that the pandemic began.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants were business students at an American university. The authors administered the same 88-question multiple-choice exam in a capstone course in May 2019, May 2020, and May 2021. Ten questions measured learning in the capstone course (current learning), and the remaining questions assessed learning from prerequisite courses (prior learning). Any year-to-year differences in test scores may be attributed to the effects of COVID-19.

Findings

Current learning was exactly as hypothesized. It was highest in 2019 and lowest in 2020. Prior learning appeared to be completely unaffected by the pandemic. It increased slightly but insignificantly throughout the three years. The authors conclude that home–school boundary and border problems caused by the pandemic inhibited the ability of students to remember what they had recently learned but did not prevent them from demonstrating knowledge of information that they had acquired in pervious semesters.

Originality/value

The authors add value to the body of knowledge about the effects of COVID-19 on student learning because (1) our dependent variable is cognitive. Most other studies have modeled attitudinal dependent variables such as satisfaction; and (2) this sample is located within the United States. Most other research has utilized participants in other countries and their results may not generalize to the American context.

Details

Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, vol. 15 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2050-7003

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 17 January 2023

Joel Rudin, Tejinder Billing, Andrea Farro and Yang Yang

This paper aims to test penis panic theory, which predicts that trans women will face more discrimination than trans men in some but not all situations.

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to test penis panic theory, which predicts that trans women will face more discrimination than trans men in some but not all situations.

Design/methodology/approach

Respondents were 262 American college students who were all enrolled in the same undergraduate course. They were presented with a case about coworker resistance to transgender employees' use of the workplace restrooms of their choice. Four versions of a case were randomly distributed as follows: trans woman, restroom with one toilet; trans woman, restroom with three toilets; trans man, restroom with one toilet and trans man, restroom with three toilets.

Findings

The authors observed greater discrimination against trans women compared to trans men when there was one toilet but not when there were three toilets. This supports penis panic theory.

Research limitations/implications

The chief limitation was the use of American college students as respondents. The results may not generalize to practicing managers especially in other countries. Future researchers should develop a scale to measure situational discrimination against trans women. This study should be replicated in other contexts to deepen the understanding of discrimination against trans men and trans women with disabilities, as well as discrimination against nonbinary individuals who identify as neither trans men nor trans women.

Practical implications

Employers need to search for situations in which trans women face greater discrimination than trans men, because they can be resolved in ways that protect the rights of transgender employees no matter how transphobic their coworkers may be. Also, employers need a nuanced approach to combat discrimination that recognizes the unique perspectives of trans men, trans women and other members of the transgender community.

Originality/value

This is the first quantitative study of penis panic theory, and it illuminates the understanding of discrimination against transgender individuals.

Details

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, vol. 42 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-7149

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 17 November 2014

Joel Rudin, Sinead Ruane, Linda Ross, Andrea Farro and Tejinder Billing

The purpose of this paper is to enhance the understanding of employers’ responses to the restroom requests of transgender employees, and to assess the ability as educators to…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to enhance the understanding of employers’ responses to the restroom requests of transgender employees, and to assess the ability as educators to reduce transphobia in the students.

Design/methodology/approach

Subjects were 194 undergraduate business students at a medium-sized public university in the northeastern USA who were enrolled in an undergraduate course in organizational behavior. During class, they read a brief case which asked the students to play the role of a CEO in Little Rock, Arkansas, receiving a complaint from a female employee about using the same restroom as a coworker who is transitioning from male to female.

Findings

The most inclusive response was also the rarest, with only 27 percent of students recommending unisex bathrooms. Hostile actions, forcing the transitioning employee to use the men's restroom, were recommended by 38 percent of those who correctly realized that an employee would be unprotected by sexual orientation discrimination law in this case and by 30 percent of those who thought that she could sue for that type of discrimination in that jurisdiction.

Research limitations/implications

It would be interesting to replicate this with non-student samples such as human resource managers and executives. The use of a US sample and of a text-based case can also be viewed as weaknesses. Because gender identity is embodied, self-constructed, and socially constructed, no single research study can capture the totality of work life for transgender employees.

Practical implications

Transphobia is so powerful that a substantial percentage of the students recommended courses of action that they believed to be illegal even though the study was designed to discourage a hostile response. Employers that are concerned about transgender rights will need to do a lot more than just grafting the word “transgender” onto their extant set of policies.

Social implications

Since today's business students are tomorrow's business leaders, the authors could eventually make the business world more tolerant if the authors could identify a message that resonates with the students and causes them to re-evaluate their homophobia and transphobia.

Originality/value

Empirical studies of transgender issues have been dominated by the qualitative approach, so there is a need for more quantitative research on this topic. The hostile responses usually indicated greater acceptance of transgender employees who have completed gender reassignment surgery. This seems difficult to reconcile with a conception of transphobia as a generalized distaste towards all those who transgress gender norms.

Details

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, vol. 33 no. 8
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-7149

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 March 2001

Indahwati Gunawan Go and Brian H. Kleiner

Looks at promotion as a method of recognition and reward and considers the pitfalls of selection and the potential for discrimination allegations. Outlines several promotion…

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Abstract

Looks at promotion as a method of recognition and reward and considers the pitfalls of selection and the potential for discrimination allegations. Outlines several promotion systems adopted by many business organizations and their respective merits. Cites the need for performance evaluation and the methods which could be used. Provides recommendations for prompt, fair and equitable promotion and the need for effective communication and feedback to employees.

Details

Management Research News, vol. 24 no. 3/4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0140-9174

Keywords

Content available
Article
Publication date: 13 March 2017

109

Abstract

Details

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, vol. 36 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-7149

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