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This study aims to examine the role of women’s career expectations (CEs) in changes in their career advancement (CA) and to determine whether these changes were because of socio-demographic factors.

Multiple linear regression was used to measure the relationship between women’s CEs and CA, as well as the influences that socio-demographic factors (e.g. education) have on that relationship.

Results indicated that CEs had two dimensions (i.e. career rewards and career development) and that career reward expectations had a significantly higher effect on CA than career development expectations. Furthermore, women were very likely to set higher CEs and stronger desires for CA as they became older. Results also showed that education, working years and position level were significantly related to women’s CA.

This study provides new insight into which aspects of women’s CA can be boosted by CEs and how these aspects may be affected by socio-demographic factors. This study can help hotels design better career management strategies to achieve the desired results. The study also provides guidance for women’s career management activities.

This study considers women’s CEs in hotels. The results revealed two dimensions (i.e. career rewards and career development) of CEs and uncovered the influences of socio-demographic factors on women’s CA, for example, age, education, working years and position level.

基于对酒店业两个变量（即职业期望和职业晋升）的理解, 本研究旨在考察职业期望在妇女职业晋升变化中的作用, 并确定这些变化是否由社会人口特征因素引起。

采用问卷调查的方式收集数据。采用多元线性回归来衡量女性职业期望和职业晋升之间的关系, 以及社会人口特征因素（如教育）对这种关系的影响。

结果表明, 职业期望有两个维度（即职业奖励和职业发展）, 职业奖励期望对职业晋升的影响明显高于职业发展期望。此外, 随着年龄的增长, 女性倾向于有更高的职业期望和更强烈的职业晋升愿望。结果还显示, 受教育程度、工作年限、职位级别与女性的职业晋升显著相关。

这项研究为女性职业期望在哪些方面可以促进职业发展以及社会人口特征因素如何影响这些方面受到的提供了新的见解。这项研究可以帮助酒店设计更好的职业管理策略, 以达到预期效果。本研究也为女性的职业管理活动提供了指导。

本研究将职业期望引入酒店业中女性员工职业发展研究。结果显示职业期望的两个维度（即职业奖励和职业发展）, 并揭示了社会人口学因素如年龄、学历、工作年限和职位级别等对女性职业晋升发展的影响, 。

basado en la comprensión de dos variables (es decir, expectativas profesionales y avance profesional) en la industria hotelera, este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar el papel de las expectativas profesionales en los cambios en el avance profesional de las mujeres y determinar si estos cambios se debieron a factores sociodemográficos.

Se Utilizó Un Cuestionario Para Recopilar Datos. Se Utilizó La Regresión Lineal Múltiple Para Medir La Relación Entre Las Expectativas Profesionales De Las Mujeres Y El Avance Profesional, Así Como Las Influencias Que Los Factores Sociodemográficos (Por Ejemplo, La Educación) Tienen En Esa Relación.

Los Resultados Indicaron Que Las Expectativas De Carrera Tenían Dos Dimensiones (Es Decir, Recompensas De Carrera Y Desarrollo De Carrera) Y Que Las Expectativas De Recompensa De Carrera Tenían Un Efecto Significativamente Mayor En El Avance De La Carrera Que Las Expectativas De Desarrollo De Carrera. Además, Las Mujeres Tenían Más Probabilidades De Tener Expectativas Profesionales Más Altas Y Deseos Más Fuertes Para Avanzar En Su Carrera A Medida Que Envejecían. Los Resultados También Mostraron Que La Educación, Los Años De Trabajo Y El Nivel De Posición Estaban Significativamente Relacionados Con El Avance Profesional De Las Mujeres.

Este Estudio Proporciona Una Nueva Perspectiva Sobre Qué Aspectos Del Avance Profesional De Las Mujeres Pueden Ser Impulsados Por Las Expectativas Profesionales Y Cómo Estos Aspectos Pueden Verse Afectados Por Factores Sociodemográficos. Este Estudio Puede Ayudar A Los Hoteles A Diseñar Mejores Estrategias De Gestión Profesional Para Lograr Los Resultados Deseados. El Estudio También Proporciona Orientación Para Las Actividades De Gestión Profesional De Las Mujeres.

este estudio considera las expectativas profesionales de las mujeres en la industria hotelera. Los resultados revelaron dos dimensiones (es decir, recompensas profesionales y desarrollo profesional) de las expectativas profesionales y descubrieron las influencias de los factores sociodemográficos en el avance profesional de las mujeres, por ejemplo, edad, educación, años de trabajo y nivel de posición.

The purpose of this study is developing the minimum parameter learning law for the weight updating, which reduces the updating of neural network (NN) weight only at triggering instants and makes a trade-off between the estimation accuracy and triggering frequency such that the computing complexity can be decreased. Besides that, a novel “soft” method is first constructed for the control updating at the triggered instants, to reduce the chattering effect of discontinued renewal of control. Addressing to the proposed control and updating method, a novel dead-zone condition with variable boundary about the triggered control signal is derived to ensure the positivity of adjacent execution intervals.

In this paper, to achieve the motion tracking of manipulator with uncertainty of system dynamics and the communication constraints in the control-execution channel, an adaptive event-triggered controller with NN identification is constructed to improve the transmission efficiency of control on the premise of the guaranteed performance. In the proposed method, the NN with intermittent updating is proposed to perform the uncertain approximation with the saved computation, and the triggered mechanism is constructed to regulate the transportation of the signal in the channel of controller-to-actuator.

According to the impulsive Lyapunov function, it can be proved that all the signals are semi-global uniformly ultimately bounded, and the positivity of adjacent execution intervals is also guaranteed by the proposed method. In addition, the chattering effect of control updating at the jumping instants can be relieved by the proposed “soft” mechanism, such that the control accuracy and stability can be guaranteed. Experiments on the JACO2 real manipulator are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is firstly to propose a “soft” method to reduce the chattering effect caused by discontinuous updating. Addressing to the updating method designed above, a novel dead-zone condition with variable threshold and boundary is first constructed to ensure the positivity of execution intervals.

Drawing on institutional theory, this study seeks to advance the understanding of how the indirect effect of exporters' adoption of an international adaptation strategy on export performance via enhanced legitimacy is differently moderated by formal and informal institutional distances from the host country market.

Survey data were collected from a sample of 251 exporters in China and analyzed with a multiple regression model to test the hypotheses.

Exporters' use of an international adaptation strategy affects their perceived legitimacy, which in turn influences their export performance. Moreover, formal institutional distance strengthens the indirect effect of an international adaptation strategy on export performance via legitimacy, whereas informal institutional distance weakens this indirect effect.

The study contributes to the knowledge of how and when adoption of an international adaptation strategy by exporters benefits export performance from an institutional perspective.

Hospitality businesses have been challenged to pick fitting electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) management strategies, yet accurate return on investment assessments and contextual contingencies interpretation essential for leveraging eWOM power are largely absent. This study aims to fill these gaps and develop a tool aiming at more holistic and accurate eWOM management assessment.

An agent-based model is developed based on eWOM-related hospitality/business theories and empirical evidence on the NetLogo 6.0.2 platform, wherein a series of simulated experiments are conducted.

Simulation patterns suggest that conformity to the majority’s choice of eWOM usage can be beneficial for consumption satisfaction, yet conformity to a group’s eWOM posting choice can compromise satisfaction. Compared to the brief reputation-boosting benefit of exaggerated advertising, honesty in advertising is preferable given its compatibility with competing eWOM distribution and long-term reputation benefits.

A preliminary tool is developed for hospitality businesses that aids the clearer interpretation of and more accurate/cost-efficient assessment of effectiveness in managing eWOM distribution. Generic directions for improved eWOM management are also provided.

A prototype model is established that surpasses existing models in its ability to capture the complexity of eWOM management and more accurately assess management effectiveness. The authors also reveal emerging novel patterns concerning the interactive dynamics of eWOM behaviors and contextual influences. The research also adds to the scarce agent-based model applications in hospitality research/practices and recommends future potential applications.

To enhance the value of servitization in customers’ problem-solving, this study aims to examine and compare the effects of manufacturers’ service breadth and depth strategies on their customer-based performance. It also explores how these effects are influenced by technological turbulence and a manufacturer’s supply chain position.

Based on data collected from 208 Chinese manufacturers, this study uses a three-stage least square approach to test the hypotheses focusing on the effects of manufacturers’ service strategies on customer-based performance and the moderating roles of technological turbulence and supply chain position.

The study reveals that manufacturers’ service depth has a significant positive effect on their customer-based performance. However, service breadth has an insignificant effect on the performance. Furthermore, technological turbulence positively moderates the effects of both service breadth and depth, and supply chain position only positively moderates the effect of service depth.

Manufacturers should focus on increasing service depth to improve their customer-based performance. Manufacturers in technically turbulent environments can attain ample benefits from both service breadth and depth, and those located downstream in a supply chain can benefit more from service depth.

By bringing a problem-solving perspective into the servitization literature, this study adds empirical insights to the impact of manufacturers’ service breadth and depth strategies on customer outcomes. The study also answers calls for insights into the environmental and structural contingencies of servitization.

The rationality of the selection and application of policy instruments in current policy schemes for promoting the development of low-carbon eco-cities in China is examined and, in view of existing problems, effective suggestions for scientifically and reasonably organizing and designing policy instruments are proposed, which is of great significance to optimize the policy system for the development of low-carbon eco-cities in China and thereby promote sustainable urban development.

In the study, using 117 policy documents focusing on the development of low-carbon eco-cities issued by the Chinese central government as well as the relevant ministries and commissions between 2010 and 2019 and comprehensively adopting bibliometric and content analysis methods, the contents of policy documents are quantitatively analyzed from three dimensions: policy instrument, policy area and policy target.

The study finds the following. Ecological environment and low-carbon development are the focus of policy attention. Policy-promulgating institutions have formed a core subnetwork, that is, an “iron triangle.” There exists a structural imbalance in the use of policy instruments, and the distribution of policy instruments in different policy areas exhibits significant differentiating characteristics. Driven by different policy targets, the proportion of the policy instrument types adopted by the government is constantly changing. According to these findings, suggestions are put forward to optimize China's low-carbon eco-city development policy.

(1) A three-dimensional policy analysis framework is conducted from the perspective of policy instrument, which is innovative in theory. (2) This paper finds the selective utilization rationality and evolution rule of China's low-carbon eco-city development policy instruments. (3) Recommendations on optimizing China's low-carbon eco-city development policies are discussed systematically, which plays a theoretical guiding role in optimizing the development policies of low-carbon eco-cities in China.

To sufficiently fulfill the travel potential of people with mobility impairments (PwMIs), this study aims to propose a valuable supplement to facility/service accommodation by hospitality/tourism businesses by identifying and purposefully cultivating the superior motivation types for empowering PwMI’s travel pursuits despite challenges. To this end, the study proposes a self-determined versus controlled motivation subdivision to the predominant travel motivation typologies, with its practical value, theoretical value and application feasibility verified.

To ensure the verification reliability across challenge travels, the study adopts an extreme groups design for data collection. Qualtrics surveys situated in two resort-package scenarios contrast in facility/service accommodation levels are paired with two US PwMI groups contrast in travel capabilities. An unconventional mix of analytical information and seemingly unrelated regressions are adopted for data analyses.

Self-determined motivations are found as the superior facilitators of PwMI’s challenging resort-travel pursuits, confirming the practical value of the proposed motivation subdivision. The theoretical value is verified given the subdivision’s significant explanatory power for resort-travel attitude and behavioral intentions, after controlling for travel purpose fulfillment. It is also feasible to achieve the targeted cultivation of self-determined motivations by supporting the basic physiological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness.

The study’s context-based findings on the effective motivational mechanisms for PwMI can guide hospitality/tourism businesses to improve PwMI-targeted marketing effectiveness and efficiency.

Key theoretical contributions include expanding the explanatory power of travel motivation typologies, enhanced integration of self-determination theory into travel motivation conceptualization and more accurate reflection of the widespread presence of social factors in travel motivations.

To obtain in-depth explanations of the effects of servitization, this paper aims to analyse the benefits and costs at different servitization levels. The authors also investigate the moderating roles of demand uncertainty and technological turbulence on such effects.

The authors use the resource-based view (RBV) and transaction cost economics (TCE) to analyse the varying benefits and costs associated with servitization at its different levels and proposes the hypotheses. Then they use the survey data of 239 Chinese manufacturing firms to empirically test these hypotheses.

The interplay among service benefits, adjustment costs and coordination costs results in a nonlinear relationship between servitization and business performance. A negative servitization–performance relationship is observed at low levels of servitization as adjustment costs would be dominant. At moderate servitization levels, a positive relationship is observed because service benefits increase substantially and outweigh the increase in adjustment and coordination costs. As servitization levels further increase, coordination costs become dominant and a negative servitization–performance relationship reappears. The study further shows the significant moderating role of demand uncertainty and the insignificant moderating role of technological turbulence.

This study provides a nuanced understanding of the curvilinear effects of servitization on business performance in response to the calls for detailed insights from quantitative studies.

The findings provide guidance on the degree to which the manufacturing firm should extend its service businesses based on demand and technological environments.

This is one of the pioneering empirical studies applying RBV and TCE to examine the varying benefits and costs across different servitization levels. The findings provide insight into the ongoing discussion about “service paradox” and “deservitization”.

This study aims to uncover women’s career advancement (CA) in the hospitality industry, by examining the influence of female employees’ career expectation (CE) and work–family balance (WFB). It also investigated the extent to which organizational commitment (OC) mediates the relationships among women’s CE, WFB and CA.

A questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were collected from 525 hotel female employees in China. A structural equation model was conducted with all of the data to test the relationships between the constructs. The individual measurement model was tested using the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. A structural model was estimated using analysis of moment structures to test all the hypotheses.

The results showed that women’s CE and WFB positively influenced their OC and CA. Women’s organizational commitment also positively influenced their CA. The results also confirmed that the indirect effect of CE and WFB on CA was mediated by OC.

This study examines how the CE and work–family relationships of female employees in the hospitality industry affect their OC and their CA. The results help female employees to overcome the glass ceiling effect and achieve greater career success. This study seeks to expand the research on the CA of female hotel employees by identifying the factors that influence their CA.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between dynamic clothing pressure of women's sports bras and heart rate variation indexes during playing basketball.

Totally, 35 healthy females aged between 20 and 24 were employed as subjects. Their heart rate variability (HRV) data and the clothing pressure values when wearing sports bras of different bust sizes during playing basketball were measured using Polar RS800CX heart rate monitor and Flexi Force201 thin film type pressure sensor with MFF series pressure test system. Their subjective comfort evaluations were conducted by five-point Likert scale. Grey correlation analysis is used to determine the correlation degree of heart rate variation indexes and subjective comfort evaluations to identify the indexes preferably associated with subjective comfort. Multiple regression analysis is applied to investigate multiple correlations between pressure of test points and the indexes selected above.

Combined subjective comfort evaluation with objective HRV evaluation the heart rate variation indexes preferably associated with subjective comfort of these bras were identified, which includes mHR, mRR, RMSSD, pNN50. By the relationship between dynamic clothing pressure and the indexes above, this study finds that the clothing pressure of the chest area during basketball exercise should be controlled in the range of 2.01-4.74 kPa.

The subjects of different body type should be taken into account. Further, the mathematic models from this study show low R2-value so the models should be provided more reliable prediction.

The present study indicates that there is an inevitable connection between heart rate variation indexes and subjective comfort of basketball sports bras and creatively points out that heart rate variation indexes can partly assess the comfortable clothing pressure. The study can offer theoretical basis for sports apparel industry to develop the comfortable basketball sports bra.