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Book part
Publication date: 1 October 2007

Chapter 6 Knowledge Creation and Diffusion of Public Science with Intellectual Property Rights

Jerry Thursby and Marie Thursby

Scientific knowledge has characteristics of a pure public good. It is non-rivalrous in the sense that once generated, it is neither depleted nor diminished by use…

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Scientific knowledge has characteristics of a pure public good. It is non-rivalrous in the sense that once generated, it is neither depleted nor diminished by use. Knowledge is also non-excludable since, once it is made available, in the absence of clearly defined property rights, users cannot be excluded from using it. These aspects imply that private market mechanisms will not provide adequate incentives for knowledge creation. Legal property rights, such as patents, are one means of dealing with this problem. Patronage in the form of government support for research provides another solution, as does the priority system of awarding credit for scientific discoveries to the first to find them. In the last two decades, there has been a growth in the relative importance of the use of legal property rights in the university setting and with it a growing controversy as to whether the costs may be outweighing the benefits. In this chapter, we discuss issues and evidence with regard to the ownership and licensing of publicly funded research intellectual property rights (IPR). We begin with an overview of incentives created by the patent system and discuss the ways in which these incentives differ from traditional norms of science. We then draw on the legal and economic literatures which distinguish among the incentives to invent, disclose, and innovate, and argue that the rationale for providing IPR for university research stems from the last of these. Finally, we discuss the available evidence on the creation and diffusion of academic research under current IPR regimes.

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Intellectual Property, Growth and Trade
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-8715(07)00006-1
ISBN: 978-1-84950-539-0

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Book part
Publication date: 11 August 2005

Pros and Cons of Faculty Participation in Licensing

Jerry G. Thursby and Marie C. Thursby

In this chapter we provide a general overview of the university licensing process and its dramatic growth over the past decade. We then discuss the role faculty play in…

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In this chapter we provide a general overview of the university licensing process and its dramatic growth over the past decade. We then discuss the role faculty play in commercialization through the licensing process. Concerns have been voiced in recent years over the possibility that the recent growth in university licensing suggests that the traditional role of faculty in the generation of “basic” research results – as well, possibly, as their role in “open science” – has been compromised. We discuss the available evidence for this downside to faculty licensing. Finally, we consider several impediments to the licensing process.

Details

University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-4736(05)16007-X
ISBN: 978-1-84950-359-4

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Book part
Publication date: 11 August 2005

Curiosity-Driven Research and University Technology Transfer

Katherine J. Strandburg

The debate about university technology transfer policy would benefit from increased attention to two parts of the technology transfer equation: the societal purpose of…

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The debate about university technology transfer policy would benefit from increased attention to two parts of the technology transfer equation: the societal purpose of basic scientific research and the characteristics of scientific researchers.11This Chapter was prepared for the Colloquium on University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer hosted by the Karl Eller Center of the University of Arizona and sponsored by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. I am grateful to them for their support. I am also grateful to the participants in the Colloquium for helpful comments. Finally, I thank my research assistant, David Zelner, for assistance with this project. One purpose of curiosity-driven research is to provide a demand function that can serve as a proxy for the socially optimal (but unknowable) demand function for the unpredictable research that is necessary for long-term technological progress. Preserving the curiosity-driven research peer review “market” is thus important for that progress. This analysis highlights the importance of adequate funding for curiosity-driven research. A model of typical university scientists’ preferences can be used to assess how technology transfer policies may affect the social norms of the research community and the long-term viability of the curiosity-driven research endeavor. The analysis suggests that patenting will be an ineffective technology transfer mechanism unless researchers are precluded from using patenting to maintain control over follow-on research.

Details

University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-4736(05)16004-4
ISBN: 978-1-84950-359-4

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Book part
Publication date: 11 August 2005

Introduction

Gary D. Libecap

SESSION I: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

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SESSION I: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

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University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-4736(05)16014-7
ISBN: 978-1-84950-359-4

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Book part
Publication date: 1 October 2007

Chapter 1 Introduction

Keith E. Maskus

In the last two decades the subject of intellectual property rights (IPR) took on major significance as an element of global trade regulation and commercial policy…

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In the last two decades the subject of intellectual property rights (IPR) took on major significance as an element of global trade regulation and commercial policy. Implementation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) at the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 obliged member countries, over various transition periods, to adopt and enforce minimum standards of protection for patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and related policies. This mandate forced legislative and administrative changes in virtually all countries, but had particular impact in developing nations, which had generally weaker IPR standards prior to TRIPS. Since 1995 there have been additional multilateral negotiations, largely at the World Intellectual Property Organization, over stronger global standards for patents and copyrights for digital electronic goods. Most controversially, in its negotiations of bilateral free trade areas the United States aggressively demands highly rigorous standards, beyond those called for in TRIPS, for patent rules governing pharmaceutical products and new biotechnological goods in the agricultural and life sciences.

Details

Intellectual Property, Growth and Trade
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-8715(07)00001-2
ISBN: 978-1-84950-539-0

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Book part
Publication date: 11 August 2005

Contents

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University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-4736(05)16012-3
ISBN: 978-1-84950-359-4

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Book part
Publication date: 1 October 2007

Contents

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Intellectual Property, Growth and Trade
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-8715(07)00016-4
ISBN: 978-1-84950-539-0

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Book part
Publication date: 11 August 2005

List of Contributors

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University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-4736(05)16013-5
ISBN: 978-1-84950-359-4

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Book part
Publication date: 1 October 2007

Subject Index

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Intellectual Property, Growth and Trade
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-8715(07)00017-6
ISBN: 978-1-84950-539-0

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Book part
Publication date: 26 February 2008

Chapter 4 Patents and technology commercialization: Issues and opportunities

Margo A. Bagley

This chapter discusses current issues raised by the use of patents in university-industry technology commercialization. After introducing how patent laws operate in the…

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This chapter discusses current issues raised by the use of patents in university-industry technology commercialization. After introducing how patent laws operate in the global marketplace, this chapter provides an overview of the U.S. patent system, describing aspects of the process by which patents are obtained and enforced. The focus of the chapter then turns to some of the benefits and costs to academia of the impact of the Bayh-Dole Act, which allows universities to capture returns from federally funded research. The chapter identifies some of the challenges created by the expanding scope of subject matter eligible for patent protection and concludes with a discussion of some of the issues and opportunities associated with the strategic licensing and enforcement of patents that may impact invention and innovation in the academy and beyond.

Details

Technological Innovation: Generating Economic Results
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-4736(07)00004-5
ISBN: 978-1-84950-532-1

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