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Increasing reading achievement has become a nationwide priority resulting from the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 2005 (Dole, 2004). Due to this emphasis, coupled with the fact that an elementary school’s success is generally not correlated with test scores in social studies, teachers of the elementary grades find limited time to teach the social studies curriculum. However, in effort to combat this tragedy, elementary educators should be taught and encouraged to integrate content area teaching with literacy strategies. Using the appropriate.

Transport shapes the health of urban populations. It can support healthy behaviours such as participation in regular physical activity and access to community connection. Transport systems can also have major negative impacts on health. For example, through air pollution from fossil fuel-based modes of travel, the risk of injury and death from transport related collisions, and in the way sedentary modes of travelling can contribute to less physically active lifestyles.

This chapter considers the long-term impact of the pandemic on a series of well-researched transport-related health outcomes. It first describes the established connections between transport and health. It then considers the future implications of three potential pandemic-induced shifts: the increased uptake of working from home (WFH); decreased usage of public transport and increased interest in walking and cycling in the local neighbourhood. The impacts of these shifts on the transport-health nexus are then discussed, revealing both positive and negative outcomes. The authors conclude by providing policy recommendations to mitigate possible negative outcomes and strengthen the positive consequences into the future.

Technological and cultural changes of the past decade have revealed new ways to use the object of the car as demand responsive yet not private. Cars are increasingly able to fulfil the aims of demand responsive transport (DRT), by providing equitable access to flexible, yet sustainable, transport. This chapter outlines the conceptual and empirical case for this increasingly dynamic form of DRT and labels it ‘cars on demand’.

A review of literature and practice is used to detail characteristics of cars on demand, and the reasons for its emergence. Key features are illustrated using examples from around the world.

Cars on demand is a rapidly changing field. New economic models of provision are emerging, yet not all are designed to fulfil the aims of DRT by making transport more sustainable or equitable. These models do, however, contribute to making cars on demand work by encouraging transition from a culture of private-car ownership, to one where the car is an object ‘just’ for use. Cars on demand can therefore contribute to the fracturing of the powerful system of private-car use. Its relationship with decreased vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) and transport disadvantage is, however, complex and vulnerable to erosion. This vulnerability can be mitigated by regulation and better understanding through research.

This chapter provides a novel conceptualisation of the way the object of the car is used in a demand responsive way. It contributes to understandings of regulatory issues surrounding shared mobility, and provides directions for future research.

This chapter describes the construction and operation of a new concept in shared street design – the Pedestrian Priority Street (PPS). The PPS is a design concept and policy approach developed in Seoul, Korea. It specifically seeks to retrofit narrow and busy street networks to promote shared use and protect pedestrians. First the evolution of the PPS concept is described. This is followed by an account of the design, construction and evaluation of two pilot PPS projects in 2013, and a brief description of eight additional projects completed during 2014. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the future of PPS, including recommendations on strengths of the over-arching approach. Evaluation of PPS pilot projects shows that the general level of user satisfaction on treated streets was significantly increased and vehicle speeds were slightly decreased. Of note is that observation studies show a reduced incidence of pedestrians coming in risky proximity to vehicles. This indicates that the general possibility of pedestrian-car accidents decreased and a considerable change in driver behaviour. Other findings of interest relate to the need to involve the community in decision making about shared street design and the related need to design street treatments to reflect the surrounding land use. PPS in Seoul is reflective of a new era in shared street design and implementation, promoting streets as places to be, rather than simply thoroughfares to move through at speed. Its design concepts can be applied to any street, but will be particularly relevant to those seeking to retrofit narrow, car-dominated streets to be more balanced in their appeal to pedestrians as well as car users.