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1 – 10 of 137Carlos Alberto Schuch Bork, Janaina Fracaro Souza Gonçalves and Jefferson Oliveira Gomes
This article aims to collect data on the aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 machinability used in the manufacturing of aeronautical structures, using the combination of the jatropha…
Abstract
Purpose
This article aims to collect data on the aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 machinability used in the manufacturing of aeronautical structures, using the combination of the jatropha vegetable-base soluble cutting oil in relation to the canola vegetal and semisynthetic mineral oils and the technique to apply cutting fluid by flood in relation to the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) in the milling process (HSM – high-speed machining).
Design/methodology/approach
It was observed that the jatropha vegetal cutting oil presented the best results in relation to requirements for lubrication, superficial mean roughness (index Ra) and shape errors in relation to the other oils in both the techniques to apply fluid which were tested. Comparing the application techniques, the jatropha vegetal oil offered an increase in the life span of the cutting tool, using the flood technique, exceeding in almost six times the machined length of the cutting tool in relation to the MQL technique in the same process conditions.
Findings
The Jatropha vegetable-base cutting oil, besides being produced from a renewable source, has inherent characteristics that can help attain a sustainable manufacturing, mainly with the use of the flood technique to apply cutting fluid in the aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 machining.
Originality/value
The Jatropha (vegetable) oil, in relation to its physicochemical properties, appeared to be the best one fit for being used in the machining of aluminum alloys 7050-T7451 because it did not interfere with any of the elements involved in the formation of intergranular corrosion and/or pitting, which are not allowed in the aeronautical production of parts. Jatropha (vegetable) cutting oil, besides being produced from a clean and renewable source, has the inherent characteristics that can help attain a sustainable manufacturing.
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Abdul Munir Hidayat Syah Lubis, Bambang Ariwahjoedi and Mustafar Sudin
This study aims to characterize the composition of the tribo-layer formed during sliding of steel in the presence of crude jatropha oil (CJO) and epoxidized jatropha oil (EJO…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to characterize the composition of the tribo-layer formed during sliding of steel in the presence of crude jatropha oil (CJO) and epoxidized jatropha oil (EJO) under boundary lubricant application.
Design/methodology/approach
CJO was obtained from a local market and used as received. EJO was obtained by epoxidation process with peroxyformic acid catalyzed by acidic ion exchange resin. The tribological test was conducted by the four ball method according to ASTM 4192. Wear scars generated on the lower balls were used to characterize the tribo-layer. Energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray photo spectroscopy analysis were conducted to characterize the tribo-layer composition.
Findings
EJO shows a lower friction coefficient compared to CJO. Moreover, EJO also shows better wear preventive properties compared to CJO. The oxidation of CJO and EJO has lead chemisorption of the oil to steel surface to cause formation of protective layers for the steel surface. The layers were constructed from inorganic oxide in the form of iron oxides and silicon oxide together with organic layers in form of aldehyde, ketone and carboxylic acid. The formation and removal of this layer from rubbing sites are considered to affect wear-preventive and friction behaviour of steel lubricated with CJO and EJO.
Originality/value
This works highlights friction and anti-wear characteristics of CJO and EJO. This work also presents the composition of the tribo-layer that formed because of the sliding of steel lubricated with CJO and EJO. The method and result can be used for further investigation and development of lubricant.
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Engine component endurance is related to fuel properties. Decreasing the sulfur content of a fuel reduces its lubricity, thus damaging engines and fuel systems. Therefore…
Abstract
Purpose
Engine component endurance is related to fuel properties. Decreasing the sulfur content of a fuel reduces its lubricity, thus damaging engines and fuel systems. Therefore, promoting the use of a biofuel must involve assessing the functionality and lubricity of the fuel.
Design/methodology/approach
The ball-on-ring (BOR) wear tester was applied to determine the optimal additive concentration and the mechanism of reduction of the wear and friction of the diesel engine fuel injection system. The lubricating efficiency of the fuels was estimated by using a photomicroscope to measure the average diameter of the wear scar produced on the test ball. An optical microscope and scanning electronic microscope were used for wear surface examinations.
Findings
The wear test revealed that the wear diameter of the steel ball lubricated with either the pure petrodiesel or 20 Wt.per cent Jatropha curcas biodiesel blends was 1.36 or 1.05 mm, respectively. The experimental results indicated that when Jatropha curcas biodiesel was added into petrodiesels to reduce friction, the wear resistance of the fuel blends increased concurrently with increasing Jatropha curcas biodiesel concentration. This was attributed to the presence of stearic acid in Jatropha curcas biodiesel blends. Stearic acid has a strong affinity for metal surfaces; therefore, a chemical coating was formed between the two motion surfaces to protect the two contacted surfaces from wear. Therefore, the proposed Jatropha curcas biodiesel can be used to effectively enhance the lubricity of a petrodiesel under the condition of boundary lubrication.
Originality/value
Using biofuels as the fuels for diesel engines can assist developed and developing countries in reducing the impacts of their fossil fuel consumption on the environment.
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Kishor Goswami, Hari K. Choudhury, Atanu Hazarika and Rohit Tripathi
This paper aims to analyze the economic viability of jatropha plantation in North East India.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to analyze the economic viability of jatropha plantation in North East India.
Design/methodology/approach
Economic viability is measured through the net present value and the benefit–cost ratio (BCR) at four different production standards along with four different prices of jatropha seed.
Findings
At a very low price and small production, jatropha plantation is economically not feasible. However, when the price of seed increases from INR 5 to 8, BCRs become greater than 1, provided that the discount rate is less than equal to 8 per cent. The minimum threshold of BCR indicates that the threshold of 1.5 BCR at a production level of 1.5 tons/ha can be achieved with a combination of seed price of INR 10 per kg and a discount rate of 1 to 3 per cent. Thus, jatropha cultivation is economically viable but not highly profitable.
Research limitations/implications
Present study analyzes the economic viability of jatropha plantation from purely financial point of view. Social cost and benefit of energy crop plantation is not included in the study. This suggests to adopt social cost–benefit analysis to evaluate the overall feasibility of plantation crops in future studies.
Originality/value
This paper contributes to the academic literature of economic viability of energy plantation crops. Economic viability of jatropha plantation is shown in different cost and revenue conditions with statistical evidences.
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Aarti P. More, Ravindra Abhimanyu Kute and Shashank T. Mhaske
The purpose of this paper is synthesis of polyesteramide resin from jatropha oil and monomer from recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to get the excellent benefit of…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is synthesis of polyesteramide resin from jatropha oil and monomer from recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to get the excellent benefit of individual structure. Along with the synthesis of polyesteramide resin, this research work will also help in recycling of PET waste and help for the conversion of monomer obtained from recycling of PET to value-added application.
Design/methodology/approach
Polyesteramide resin was synthesized by conventional method, i.e. by converting jatropha oil to corresponding fatty amide, i.e. hydroxyl ethyl jatropha oil fatty acid amide (HEJA), and treating it with dicarboxylic acid, i.e. sebacic acid but bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terepthalamide (BHETA) is added, i.e. monomer of PET, and then resin synthesis is carried out. Synthesized resin is cured with isocyanate and used for coating application. Coating is characterized for physical, mechanical, thermal and anticorrosive properties.
Findings
Coating shows excellent balance of flexibility and hardness due to structural difference in BHETA and HEJA. Aromatic structure of BHETA was helpful for increasing hardness and for retardation of degradation, and at the same time, aliphatic structure of HEJA was helpful for increasing flexibility of the coating. Amide linkage present in both help for better adhesion of coating to metal surface, which also helps to improve the mechanical properties and anticorrosive properties.
Practical implications
This method is the practical solution for synthesis of polyesteramide resin and then coating from PET waste and jatropha oil. Hence the method developed is simple and it helps for recycling of PET waste and conversion of recycled product to value-added material.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study which use jatropha oil (fatty amide of jatropha oil) and PET waste (monomer of PET waste) simultaneously for the synthesis of polyesteramide resin and then coating.
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Emiliana Rose Jusoh Taib, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Min Min Aung, Mahiran Basri, Mek Zah Salleh, Sariah Saalah, Suhaini Mamat, Ching Yern Chee and Jia Li Wong
This paper aims to demonstrate the synthesis of polyesterification reaction of non-edible jatropha seed oil (JO) and acrylic acid, which leads to the production of acrylated…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to demonstrate the synthesis of polyesterification reaction of non-edible jatropha seed oil (JO) and acrylic acid, which leads to the production of acrylated epoxidised-based resin. To understand the physico-chemical characteristics when synthesis the JO-based epoxy acrylate, the effect of temperature on the reaction, concentration of acrylic acid and role of catalyst on reaction time and acid value were studied.
Design/methodology/approach
First, the double bond in JO was functionalised by epoxidation using the solvent-free performic method. The subsequent process was acrylation with acrylic acid using the base catalyst triethylamine and 4-methoxyphenol as an inhibitor respectively. The physico-chemical characteristics during the synthesis of the epoxy acrylate such as acid value was monitored and analysed. The formation of the epoxy and acrylate group was confirmed by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.
Findings
The optimum reaction condition was achieved at a ratio of epoxidised JO to acrylic acid of 1:1.5 and the reaction temperature of 110°C. This was indicated by the acid value reduction from 86 to 15 mg KOH/g sample at 6 hours.
Practical implications
The JO-based epoxy acrylate synthesised has a potential to be used in formulations the prepolymer resin for UV curable coating applications. The JO which is from natural resources and is sustainable raw materials that possible reduce the dependency on petroleum-based coating.
Originality/value
The epoxidised jatropha seed oil epoxy acrylate was synthesised, as a new type of oligomer resin that contains a reactive acrylate group, which can be alternative to petroleum-based coating and can used further in the formulation of the radiation curable coating.
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Olanrewaju Moses Adesusi, Olayide Rasaq Adetunji, Tunji John Erinle, Iliyasu Kayode Okediran, Olumide Olufunso Akinpelu and Samuel Oluyemi Ipadeola
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanisms of low alloyed medium-carbon steel (LAMCS) corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 inhibited by seeds oils of rubber (SOR), Neem (SON…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanisms of low alloyed medium-carbon steel (LAMCS) corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 inhibited by seeds oils of rubber (SOR), Neem (SON) and Jatropha (SOJ) containing varying degree of free fatty acid (FFA).
Design/methodology/approach
Specific gravity, acid values and FFA compositions of oils were determined. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are techniques used to investigate the corrosion inhibition mechanisms with evaluated Gibbs free energy of adsorption.
Findings
Corrosion inhibition efficiencies of oils reached values >99% as obtained from PDP and EIS. Protective oxide layer was formed on LAMCS consequent on containment of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in the FFA of SOR, SON and SOJ, respectively. The SOR and SOJ are found to be mixed inhibitors, whereas SON behaved as anodic inhibitor. Mechanism of adsorption of SOR was synergistic between physisorption and chemisorption, while SON and SOJ exhibited physisorption. SEM micrographs images showed that uninhibited sample exhibited thicker mass of corrosion products. Formation of protective oxide layer was confirmed by XRD diffractograms.
Practical implications
This study has shown that the need for modification of vegetable seed oils containing FFA is unnecessary as the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of the FFA contained in the respective oil were found to be the center of adsorption of the oils on the steel surface. Hence, cost and by-products associated with modification of oils used as corrosion inhibitors are eliminated.
Originality/value
SOR, which has the highest percentage FFA, was found to be the most influential on the corrosion inhibition mechanism of LAMCS, specifically within 0.01–0.02 g/mL concentration. FFA contained in the respective seed oil aided formation of protective oxide layer at interface between H2SO4 and LAMCS, relative to amount composed.
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Chiranjeeva Rao Seela and Ravi Sankar B.
The purpose of this paper is to assess the influence of blends of Jatropha methyl ester (JME) and its nano Al2O3 emulsion on variable compression ratio diesel engine. The oxygen…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the influence of blends of Jatropha methyl ester (JME) and its nano Al2O3 emulsion on variable compression ratio diesel engine. The oxygen in alumina contributed for the smooth burning and resulted in improved performance and emissions.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The biodiesel (methyl ester) is prepared from the raw Jatropha oil. The B10, B20 and B30 blends of and their nanoemulsions are prepared with the 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm of nano Al2O3. The prepared JME blends and its nanoemulsions are tested in a variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine to evaluate the engine performance and emission characteristics.
Findings
The nanoemulsion B20 + 50 ppm has given maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and with the increased proportion of nanoparticle, the BTE was reduced. Also, the specific fuel consumption is lowest (0.2826 kg/kWh) for B20 + 50 ppm at the compression ratio 16.5 and full load which is 4.10% lower than the diesel and 5.8% lower than the B20 blend. As the load increases, NOx emission increases owing to higher peak temperatures in the combustion chamber. The JME-nano Al2O3 emulsion reduces the HC and CO emission compared with all other fuels.
Originality/Value
Novel nano emulsions are prepared, characterized and tested on VCR engine.
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Nivin Vincent and Franklin Robert John
This study aims to understand the current production scenario emphasizing the significance of green manufacturing in achieving economic and environmental sustainability goals to…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to understand the current production scenario emphasizing the significance of green manufacturing in achieving economic and environmental sustainability goals to fulfil future needs; to determine the viability of particular strategies and actions performed to increase the process efficiency of electrical discharge machining; and to uphold the values of sustainability in the nonconventional manufacturing sector and to identify future works in this regard.
Design/methodology/approach
A thorough analysis of numerous experimental studies and findings is conducted. This prominent nontraditional machining process’s potential machinability and sustainability challenges are discussed, along with the current research to alleviate them. The focus is placed on modifications to the dielectric fluid, choosing affordable substitutes and treating consumable tool electrodes.
Findings
Trans-esterified vegetable oils, which are biodegradable and can be used as a substitute for conventional dielectric fluids, provide pollution-free machining with enhanced surface finish and material removal rates. Modifying the dielectric fluid with specific nanomaterials could increase the machining rate and demonstrate a decrease in machining flaws such as micropores, globules and microcracks. Tool electrodes subjected to cryogenic treatment have shown reduced tool metal consumption and downtime for the setup.
Practical implications
The findings suggested eco-friendly machining techniques and optimized control settings that reduce energy consumption, lowering operating expenses and carbon footprints. Using eco-friendly dielectrics, including vegetable oils or biodegradable dielectric fluids, might lessen the adverse effects of the electrical discharge machine operations on the environment. Adopting sustainable practices might enhance a business’s reputation with the public, shareholders and clients because sustainability is becoming increasingly significant across various industries.
Originality/value
A detailed general review of green nontraditional electrical discharge machining process is provided, from high-quality indexed journals. The findings and results contemplated in this review paper can lead the research community to collectively apply it in sustainable techniques to enhance machinability and reduce environmental effects.
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The purpose of this paper is to make a preliminary analysis of the potentials for the adoption of biofuels in Nigeria. This initial analysis aims to capture some of the…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to make a preliminary analysis of the potentials for the adoption of biofuels in Nigeria. This initial analysis aims to capture some of the possibilities in the adoption of biofuel and the promotion of the cultivation of energy crops and processing of biofuels in Nigeria. Taking a step towards biofuel adoption is crucial for Nigeria to remain an important player in the world energy market, as there is a shift in global fossil fuel consumption.
Design/methodology/approach
The study adopted a desk review of existing literatures on global biofuels production potentials. A synthesis of data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) secondary database on major energy crops production was also conducted, while the GIS map was generated from GIS data sourced from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Findings
Nigeria has immense potential for energy crops cultivation and the production of bioethanol and biodiesel. The existing database shows that Nigeria ranks very high in terms of production of the major energy crops such as soybean, palm oil, sesame and cassava. The rainfall distribution shows that most energy crops can be grown all over Nigeria. Nigeria has the capacity to be a leading exporter of biofuels. The adoption of biofuels can also ease the financial strain relating to the heavy burden of fossil fuel subsidy and also enhance local livelihoods within the production chains.
Practical implications
With the very high potential for biofuel production, the Government as well as private investors should take steps towards investing in agriculture for the production of energy crops and the establishment of biofuel‐processing plants in Nigeria.
Originality/value
The paper is a preliminary analysis of bio‐economic and environmental modeling of the adoption of biofuels in the energy sector in Nigeria. This analysis has opened up the focus of the bigger study, modeling the biological, economic, environmental and other impacts of biofuel adoption.
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