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1 – 10 of 51Jacques Fontanel and Bénédicte Corvaisier-Drouart
International security is a constant threat to the pursuit of economic optimum. In the traditional economic analysis history, states are seen as agents in constant search for…
Abstract
International security is a constant threat to the pursuit of economic optimum. In the traditional economic analysis history, states are seen as agents in constant search for power, which leads to the emergence of conflicts of interests. The modern concept of security can be defined as the economic study of all the risks of short, medium and long term on the functioning of economic and social life. It can be divided into four sublevels: individual security, national security, international security and global security. The adoption of an enlarged approach to international security by integrating economic and environmental conditions highlights the expression of new collective priorities. Today, theories of security take into account the economic, human and social relationships, societal priorities and the balance of power in the international system. Human security implies a multi-disciplinary analysis, including human rights, state organisation, international relations and strategic studies. Security and sustainable development are deeply interconnected, which involves bearable production conditions for the environment in the long term, the end of extreme poverty, the creation of social stability and the rejection of discrimination.
Jacques Fontanel and Manas Chatterji
There are two main doctrines about the relation between war and national economy. The first considered that economy based on the market is a cause of war. The second one…
Abstract
There are two main doctrines about the relation between war and national economy. The first considered that economy based on the market is a cause of war. The second one established that market and economic knowledge are essential for the realization of peace.
Before the pandemic, World’s public debt was considered excessive, mainly by the standards set by the IMF, the European Union and the euro zone. Today, with the pandemic COVID-19…
Abstract
Before the pandemic, World’s public debt was considered excessive, mainly by the standards set by the IMF, the European Union and the euro zone. Today, with the pandemic COVID-19, the world economy is facing an economic crisis that only the public authorities can contain, at least in the short term. In France, the Arthuis Commission is proposing to control public debt and return to debt reduction by the end of this decade. However, the economic stakes go beyond the crisis caused by the pandemic. It is also a question of preparing a different society, one that is less unequal and capable of engaging in sustainable economic development in the face of global warming. The concern is more about the excesses of international financial speculation, growing social inequalities and living conditions on Earth, which threaten the economic and social future of new generations much more than public debt.
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Éric Brunat and Jacques Fontanel
The pandemic shock of COVID-19 had the indirect but powerful consequence of highlighting the limits of economic globalisation. National security not only is a military matter but…
Abstract
The pandemic shock of COVID-19 had the indirect but powerful consequence of highlighting the limits of economic globalisation. National security not only is a military matter but also includes, more than ever, the sectors of health, education, industrial risks or the protection and availability of natural resources. States can no longer forget that products and services essential to human survival (food, medicines, and civil protection) must always be available within the country, either in stock or in immediate production capacity. The same applies to the control of vital technologies (especially digital). The power relations openly expressed in the military order being extended to the economic sector, as evidenced by the resurgence of economic sanctions. In the context of nuclear dissuasion, for the superpowers, it is no longer a question of obtaining mutual benefits through international exchanges; the will to weaken the power of the other becomes prevalent. At a time when the acceleration of major or more minor innovations is transforming the relevant spaces of socioeconomic regulation, particularly the nation-state, when the masses and financial flows are becoming uncontrollable, when the effects of climate change and the finiteness of natural resources should force us to reflect on the real sustainability of the dominant system of accumulation, logically implying determined cooperation, institutional innovations and more widely shared collective political visions, States that lack theoretical and practical tools are tempted to turn in on themselves. This paradox provides a breeding ground for new populisms and other forms of nationalism and radicalism.
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Jacques Fontanel and Bénédicte Corvaisier-Drouart
The crisis of globalisation and the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic pose new threats to the national security of all countries. States have been increasingly challenged on their…
Abstract
The crisis of globalisation and the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic pose new threats to the national security of all countries. States have been increasingly challenged on their role, particularly in the economic order. Their actions concerning pandemic, ecology, climate or air pollution have been strongly inspired by the decisions of specialised international organisations, too often advised by dominant commercial and financial interests. In this context, states have no longer been able to assume the full range of national security components. Mercantilists considered that dependence on a State’s foreign trade led to an unacceptable reduction to the power of the Prince. Today, all countries are dependent on others, and then economic wars are becoming more and more likely. Armed warfare between states remains a potential response to these possible disruptions of essential intermediate consumption or to the search for power. Moreover, the lack of solidarity perceived during the pandemic testifies to the maintenance of political and economic power relations between States and the priority given to national interests to the detriment of international public goods. The pandemic highlights the inability of states to find common solutions to today’s global problems, thus developing a strong sense of insecurity among citizens.
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Ron Smith and Jacques Fontanel
Defence economics is often not perceived as a subject, but as a series of questions that arise in the intersection between the spheres of strategy (the art of a general, the…
Abstract
Defence economics is often not perceived as a subject, but as a series of questions that arise in the intersection between the spheres of strategy (the art of a general, the specialist in the use of force) and the sphere of economy (the processes of production, distribution and incentives). This overlap between economics and strategy occurs at the individual, the national and the systemic levels. This intersection or overlap is a contested terrain since economists and strategic studies specialists bring very different presuppositions to the party. Defence economics study take account of the realities of strategy, but the models it brings to the party are those of economists.
Jacques Fontanel and Fanny Coulomb
The end of the Cold War has led to several changes in the arms industry at the world level. The expected “peace dividends” did not appear, as the crisis on arms markets, due to…
Abstract
The end of the Cold War has led to several changes in the arms industry at the world level. The expected “peace dividends” did not appear, as the crisis on arms markets, due to the decrease in military expenditures, was not yet overcome when the defence budgets picked up again. Since the 2000s, the market logic has been encouraged in Western countries to restructure the arms industries: the development of generic or dual technologies was encouraged, as well as the diversification on civil markets. If the consolidation of the American arms industry has been quickly achieved, thanks to a strategy of rationalization and cost reduction, as well as of integration of military activities, the results have been less convincing in Western Europe, while the countries of ex-Warsaw pact suffered from a dramatic industrial crisis.