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The purpose of this paper is to develop and present a safety-oriented job demands-resources (JD-R) model that supports the notion that excessive job demands in the fire service, when not controlled or countered, may increase firefighter burnout and diminish firefighter safety.

The approach for the present project includes a review of the JD-R literature and the presentation of a conceptual model specific to fire service organizations.

A conceptual model, relevant to fire service organizations was derived. The model argues that excessive job demands associated with workload, physical demands, emotional demands, and complexity can result in burnout if not controlled or countered. Safety-specific resources, including recovery, support, safety-specific transformational leadership and safety climate are theorized to buffer these effects and are suggested to enhance firefighter engagement. These effects are argued then to improve firefighter safety. Ultimately, the findings will help guide future research, intervention projects and workplace safety and health management programs and initiatives.

This paper and conceptual model extends the application of the JD-R model to fire service organizations. Further, the conceptual model supports the application of safety-specific job resources vs more traditional job resources as a means to enhance firefighter safety.

Several job characteristics have been suggested to influence workers’ well-being. For example, Herzberg (1968) differentiated job characteristics that offset dissatisfaction such as social relations from job aspects that foster job satisfaction such as opportunities for advancement. While Hackman and Oldham (1976) focused on the motivational potential of job characteristics such as task identity and feedback, Karasek (1979) accentuated time pressure as a pivotal job demand. Together these models point out that various job characteristics may influence workers’ functioning.

The purpose of this paper is to give a state‐of‐the art overview of the Job Demands‐Resources (JD‐R) model

The strengths and weaknesses of the demand‐control model and the effort‐reward imbalance model regarding their predictive value for employee well being are discussed. The paper then introduces the more flexible JD‐R model and discusses its basic premises.

The paper provides an overview of the studies that have been conducted with the JD‐R model. It discusses evidence for each of the model's main propositions. The JD‐R model can be used as a tool for human resource management. A two‐stage approach can highlight the strengths and weaknesses of individuals, work groups, departments, and organizations at large.

This paper challenges existing stress models, and focuses on both negative and positive indicators of employee well being. In addition, it outlines how the JD‐R model can be applied to a wide range of occupations, and be used to improve employee well being and performance.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the explanatory power of two theoretical frameworks in regard to the work engagement of 312 Queensland teachers from non-government schools. The first theoretical model is the job demands-resources (JD-R) theory which suggests that work engagement will be evident if people report an abundance of resources in their work environment. The second perspective is self-determination theory (SDT) which suggests that work engagement will be evident if people are able to satisfy their personal psychological needs within the work environment.

The current research collected data from the same participants on two occasions with a six-month interval. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the research hypotheses both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.

It was found that the SDT provided the more compelling explanation for work engagement, in that career satisfaction (rather than job satisfaction) was a robust predictor of work engagement, although some evidence was also found for a contribution of the psycho-social work environment (supporting the JD-R model) in teachers’ work engagement or burnout. It was concluded that these two theoretical perspectives are compatible.

It is recommended that future studies of work engagement include some measurement of people's satisfaction that the career they have chosen fulfils their personal aspirations.

The theories of SDT (work engagement as a fulfilment of psychological needs) and JD-R (work engagement as a balance of job demands and resources), while coming from different directions appear to be compatible, with each perspective enriching the other and affording administrators a more complete understanding of dynamics affecting the psychological health of teaching staff.

Previous work involving the JD-R and work engagement has focused on the immediate psycho-social environment of the workplace. The current research finds that career satisfaction predicts all dimensions of work engagement in cross-sectional analysis and over time. This supports insights from SDT and suggests that a more complete understanding of the dynamics of work engagement must include people's opportunity to redress psychological needs within the workplace.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between creative self-efficacy and work engagement using openness to experience as a moderator. The theoretical background is rooted in the resource perspective of the job demands-resources model (JD-R model) of work engagement.

The developed hypotheses were tested in a study of 101 faculty members from a science and technology institute in the USA. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to analyze the data.

The results supported a positive effect of creative self-efficacy on work engagement but did not support a moderating effect of openness to experience on the relationship between creative self-efficacy and work engagement.

This study introduces the context of creativity into the work engagement and JD-R model fields. Specifically, through the resource perspective of the JD-R model, it theoretically and empirically extends the contribution and explanatory ability of personal resources to the improvement of work engagement.

This study revisits the role of work engagement (WE) on innovative work behavior (IWB) in conjunction with the job demands–resources (JD-R) model, specifically examining its mediating role between antecedent variables of psychological well-being (PWB), interpersonal conflict (IPC) and perceived organizational support (POS).

The study was conducted within five different sectors and 416 work settings in Turkey. A cross-sectional, correlational research design was used, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to test the mediating effect of WE.

The results of the SEM provided partial support for eight hypotheses. The results of this study demonstrate a positive relationship between PWB, POS, WE and IWB. This indicates that resources are vital in increasing both WE and IWB. As expected, the correlation of IPC and IWB resulted in a negative relationship. The findings demonstrate a positive relationship between PWB and WE and IWB.

Extending the model, future research could incorporate the antecedents as mediators and utilize them to further explore the mechanisms of employee engagement (EE) and the IWB link. It would also be beneficial to include other variables such as personal differences, trust, personal environment fit, fairness in the workplace, recognition and organizational culture and employee value proposition as moderators of EE and IWB.

The findings offer the suggestion of few practical applications such as the need to encourage organizations to enhance PWB to foster positive feelings in the work environment. This includes increasing employees' effort and dedication by utilizing POS in the workplace and considering employee's well-being. Additionally, EE should be an important organizational strategy to positively influence employee creativity within the workplace.

This research was conducted within the Turkish business context; it would be worthwhile to validate the findings of this study in a multicultural context that did not share similar basic characteristics as those in Turkey. There could be a comparative study of EE between Turkey and other countries as a cross-cultural investigation.

The results of data analysis have revealed an enhanced understanding of the role of the mediation effect of WE on IWBs. This study also expands the concept that psychological well-being can enhance WE, which in turn corresponds to more IWB in the context of the JD-R model. The findings indicate that in order to better comprehend its function, IPC needs to be further examined with other antecedents.

The purpose of this paper is to integrate an extended by personal resource job demands-resources (JD-R) model in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance. It is argued that the responsive, supportive and developmental leader's style will reduce employees' levels of burnout and increase their levels of work engagement and ultimately will increase organizational performance expressed by productivity, growth and creativity.

The hypotheses were tested among a national sample of 1,011 employees in 107 Greek public and private organizations operating within an environment of economic and financial crises. The operational model was tested using a multilevel structural equation modelling.

It appeared that job demands and work burnout and job resources and work engagement, serially and fully mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance. Further, it is found that personal resources negatively and fully mediate the relationship between job resources and work burnout and positively and partially mediate the relationship between job resources and work engagement.

Data were collected using a cross-sectional design, not allowing dynamic causal inferences.

Considering that the transformational leadership style reduces employees' levels of burnout and increases their levels of work engagement and accordingly improves organizational performance, organizations are well advised to encourage this leadership style.

Transformational leadership by balancing job demands and job resources could have a positive impact on employee well-being.

The study, using multilevel testing, demonstrates that the extended JD-R model can be integrated into the transformational leadership– organizational performance relationship.

This study motivated by humanistic care aims to identify hospitality frontline employees’ alienation in Taiwan during the COVID-19 pandemic, and based on the job demands-resources (JD-R) model, the mediating role of alienation between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is discussed.

The authors drew on the JD-R model to delineate the mechanisms by which job demands (including emotional dissonance and work–home conflict) and job resources (including job support, training and possibility for career development) affect OCB through employees’ alienation. This study adopted snowball sampling and purposive sampling to conduct a questionnaire survey aimed at Taiwanese hospitality frontline employees. A total of 373 valid questionnaires were retained, and structural equation model was used to test the research hypotheses.

The results revealed that job demands of emotional dissonance and work–family conflict positively affect alienation; job resources of job support, training and possibility for career development negatively affect alienation; alienation negatively affects OCB; and alienation mediates the relationship between job characteristics and OCB fully.

Considering that alienation plays a full mediating role between job characteristics and organizational outcomes, this study put forward specific suggestions on how to increase job resources and reduce job demands to weaken alienation and further improve organizational performance in management practices. And practical implications were provided to help hospitality human resource management deal with the issue of talents retention. In addition, “work authenticity” should be introduced as a mediator in the future research. “Work authenticity” reflects employees’ positive working life state and is the opposite of “alienation.” The effectiveness of employees’ positive and negative working life state in communicating job characteristics and organizational outcomes can be compared.

The specific alienation experience of hospitality frontline employees is defined. Moreover, by introducing the alienation theory, this study demonstrates the health impairment path of JD-R model and suggests that job characteristics affect OCB through the full mediation of alienation.

本研究以人文关怀为动机, 明确了COVID-19疫情期间台湾酒店一线员工的异化状态, 并基于工作需求-资源理论模型, 探讨了异化在工作特性与组织公民行为之间发挥的中介作用。

笔者运用工作需求-资源模型以阐释工作需求（包括情绪失调和工作-家庭冲突）和工作资源（包括工作支持、培训和职业发展潜能）透过员工的异化影响组织公民行为的机制。本研究采用滚雪球抽样和目的性抽样的抽样方式, 对台湾酒店一线员工开展问卷调查; 留存有效问卷373份, 并采用结构方程模型对研究假设进行检验。

本研究揭示了情绪失调和工作-家庭冲突的工作需求正向影响异化; 工作支持、培训和职业发展潜能的工作资源对异化产生负面影响; 异化对组织公民行为产生负面影响; 异化在工作特性与组织公民行为的关系中起完全中介作用。

综合异化在工作特性与组织成果之间起着完全的中介作用, 本研究就管理实践中如何增加工作资源和减少工作需求以减弱异化并进一步提高组织绩效提出了具体建议, 以此帮助酒店人力资源管理部门处理留住人才的问题。此外, 应引入反映员工积极工作状态的“工作真实性”（即“异化”的对立面）作为中介, 比较员工积极和消极工作状态在沟通工作特性和组织成果上的有效性。

本研究明确了酒店一线员工具体的异化体验。此外, 透过引入异化理论, 本研究实证了工作需求-资源模型的健康损害路径, 并揭示了工作特性通过异化的完全中介作用影响组织公民行为。

Este estudio motivado por la atención humanística identificó la alienación de los empleados de primera línea de la hostelería en Taiwán durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y, basándose en el modelo de exigencias laborales-recursos (JD-R), se analizó el papel mediador de la alienación entre las características laborales y el comportamiento de ciudadanía organizacional fue discutido.

Nos basamos en el modelo JD-R para delinear los mecanismos por los que las exigencias del puesto de trabajo (incluida la disonancia emocional y el conflicto entre el trabajo y el hogar) y los recursos del puesto de trabajo (incluido el apoyo laboral, la formación y la posibilidad de desarrollo profesional) afectan a la organización. Del comportamiento ciudadano (OCB) a través de la alienación de los empleados. Este estudio adoptó el muestreo de bola de nieve y el muestreo intencional para realizar una encuesta por cuestionario dirigida a los empleados de primera línea de la hostelería taiwanesa. Se obtuvieron 373 cuestionarios válidos y se utilizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para probar las hipótesis de la investigación.

Los resultados revelaron que las demandas laborales de disonancia emocional y conflicto trabajo-familia afectan positivamente a la alienación; los recursos laborales de apoyo al trabajo, formación y posibilidad de desarrollo profesional afectan negativamente a la alienación; la alienación afecta negativamente al comportamiento de ciudadanía organizacional; la alienación media totalmente la relación entre las características laborales y el comportamiento de ciudadanía organizacional.

Teniendo en cuenta que la alienación desempeña un papel mediador total entre las características del puesto de trabajo y los resultados organizativos, este estudio presentó sugerencias específicas sobre cómo aumentar los recursos del puesto de trabajo y reducir las exigencias del mismo para debilitar la alienación y mejorar aún más el desempeño organizacional en las prácticas de gestión. Y se aportaron implicaciones prácticas para ayudar a abordar la cuestión de retención de talentos en la gestión de los recursos humanos en la hostelería. Además, la “autenticidad del trabajo” debería introducirse como mediador en la investigación futura. La “autenticidad laboral” refleja el estado de vida laboral positivo de los empleados y es lo contrario de la “alienación”. Se puede comparar la eficacia del estado de vida laboral positivo y negativo de los empleados en la comunicación de las características del trabajo y los resultados organizacionales.

Se define la experiencia específica de alienación de los empleados de primera línea de la hostelería. Además, mediante la introducción de la teoría de la alienación, este estudio demuestra la trayectoria de deterioro de la salud del modelo JD-R, y sugiere que las características del puesto de trabajo afectan al comportamiento de ciudadanía organizacional a través de la mediación total de la alienación.

The purpose of this paper is to extend the job demands-resources (JD-R) model by including the factor of “personal demands” and conceptualise experience on personal and job dimensions separately as personal thrust and job thrust. Further, different psychological work states that individuals experience through intra-dimensional balance across personal and job dimensions are proposed.

The paper explains various possible psychological work states experienced by a job incumbent by conceptually developing intra-dimensional fluctuations within the person and job dimensions, respectively, as the new concepts of person and job thrust.

Personal thrust and job thrust have been identified as the two dimensions which impact the work state. Complete engagement and complete disengagement have been identified as two ends of a continuum. Complete work engagement is defined as the balance across these two dimensions. Various combinations of balances and imbalances across these two dimensions results in four different states of disengagement identified as work exhaustion, work boredom, work search and work neutrality.

This paper suggests a novel approach to using personal demand to look at work states which would significantly impact existing research in the JD-R model. This paper tries to bridge the gap between work engagement as a construct and the psychological work states as a phenomenon. Further, it is contended that the psychological work states are manifestations of the interactions between the two dimensions identified as personal and job thrust, which could further be developed into various work-related attitudes and behaviours.

Instead of only relying on the engagement/disengagement dichotomy to plan interventions, managers can plan the appropriate interventions depending on the specific disengagement state analysed through personal and job thrust.

The newly developed model of work states explains the fluctuation of an individual across different work states and links the personal and job-related demand–resource balance at the workplace with distal work-related outcomes, thereby significantly extending the JD-R model.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating effect of chronic job discrimination on the relationships among job demands, job resources, personal resources and psychological well-being among aged workers.

This study used “National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS Refresher)” data collected from 862 aged workers in the United States from 2011-2014. A moderated multiple regression analysis was adopted.

The results of the multiple regression analysis show that skill discretion, self-esteem, optimism and active coping had positive effects on psychological well-being, while chronic job discrimination had a negative effect on psychological well-being. Co-worker support, supervisor support, job demands and decision-making authority were not significant. Among the interaction terms, the moderating effect between optimism and chronic job discrimination was significant.

Based on the results, this study offers implications for understanding the effects of job discrimination in the workplace among aged workers and their perceived psychological well-being, in the context of job demands and resources (JD-R) model.