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Capitalism has proved to be by far the best society at producing surpluses. Other societies at particular points in history have been effective, too. For instance Ancient Egyptians were obviously good at it, directing their surplus into building pyramids and great monuments. The Mayans, Incas and Aztecs were good at it too, in the same way as were the Neolithic builders of Stonehenge in England, the Callinish stones in the Hebrides and Carnac in Britanny. Capitalism, however, is unique in the sense that its capacity to produce surpluses far exceeds that of any other period or system. In addition, the capitalist system involves a threefold possibility for the utilization of the surpluses: consumption by individuals, consumption by the state for civil and military purposes and reinvestment by capitalists to produce more surplus. The balance among these three determines the stability of the system and the pace of growth. Consumption by the state is the least new phenomenon; here again, the pyramids of the Aztecs, Mayans and Egyptians are examples. What is new, and certainly new on the scale we now observe, is that the capitalist system is dependent on those individuals who collectively make up the absorptive class, and on the host of small and medium capitalists and the huge corporations to reinvest the surplus to make more capital. However, the system as a whole serves to destroy the surpluses when capitalist processes are such that the capacity to consume diminishes in relation to the quantities produced.

The aims of this annual review of the literature were set out at some length in the first article in the series (Aslib Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 1, February 1953, pp. 27–39), but for the benefit of those who have not seen that paper, and also for others who might like to be reminded of the limitations of the series, it is proposed to recapitulate briefly the main points. This series is intended to assist those who need some guidance in selecting from the mass of literature now being published on librarianship and documentation those items most likely to be of assistance in planning and organizing their own work. It is particularly designed for the relatively inexperienced worker, whether special librarian or information officer, working in a small organization without the assistance of more experienced colleagues. Consequently, all theoretical discussions, however important, have been ignored unless it has been felt that they can be of practical assistance in solving day‐to‐day library problems, and descriptions of the practice of large general libraries have been omitted unless it appears that they are capable of adaptation to other conditions. Moreover, since the series is not intended to be used as a bibliographical tool (this purpose being adequately served by existing bibliographies) but as a guide to current reading, no attempt has been made to restrict the list to work actually published during the year under review, but it is hoped that the list is representative of items likely to have been received in British libraries during 1953. Every endeavour has been made, however, to see that the articles in the series shall between them cover the whole of the literature adequately and that no important items are missed.

As online learning opportunities increase in today's society, librarians need to consider additional ways to design online instruction effectively. Developing the strategies necessary to teach and learn online successfully requires an understanding of learning styles and how they may be best addressed in the online environment. As is the case in a face‐to‐face classroom, the use of a specific teaching style or set of styles must expand in order to address different learning styles when teaching online. Successful teaching and learning depend on all participants possessing the attitudes necessary to succeed in the online environment. This paper provides information about learning and teaching styles, and it addresses how teaching to various learning styles may be accomplished using the available online tools and resources.

America has a long history of environmental awareness which evolved as the country grew and changed during the past 300 years. Today, an environmental concern by the people of the country is mainstream and therefore has become an integral part of corporate America. Explores the development, influence and direction of the US environmental movement. Provides background information to help understand why the marketplace is currently responding to the environmental stimulus. Looks at the marketing methods by which the country is expressing this environmental concern and traces the paths taken by those who first advocated the need for an environmental consciousness. Combines historical aspects of the American environmental movement with addressing the growing challenges facing the integration of business and environmental sensitivity.

The disturbed national and international atmosphere during 1950 has not been without its effects on the affairs of the Association. Printing disputes have frequently delayed the appearance of Aslib publications and the scarcity of labour has made staff recruitment difficult. Notwithstanding these and other factors, the Council looks back on 1950 as a notable milestone in Aslib's history.

Pulse check on discipline degrees for changed status quo is vital to ensure global futures for international enrolments (IEs). While employers spend less on training and more on innovating, can IEs manage time spent wisely and profitably (self-sufficiency) via collecting demand-driven credentials (micro-credentialing, Mc)? Due to limited research on Multidisciplinary, Micro-credentialing (MdMc), communication among stakeholders becomes difficult – there is no sense of self-sufficiency and course crossbreed lags; thus, diploma initiatives rarely succeed. Hence, MdMc aims to generate industry-necessitated, new knowledge hybrids where courses could generate adaptable Md links and intersections towards self-sufficiency. We propose a methodology based on Md content analysis on rapidly deployable knowledge bases suitable for multisector employability: a market survey to identify new knowledge areas. The outcome is to be knowledge mapped to identify gaps in skills required for applications to meet across disciplines. Finding the nature of these gaps intends to present possible knowledge links and intersections among courses. Diagrammatised and textual analysis of self-sufficiency-related benefits that could forge robust faulty-industry partnerships will be discussed – to demonstrate fluidity between credentials and careers. The resulting MdMc rigour model would present avenues for new content, training programmes, and a potential HE-industry manifesto. This MdMc model may offer a quick and dynamic process of epistemic, accessibility and instructional rigour checks to achieve professional currency towards self-sufficiency for IEs.

THE recent dearth of newspapers was in some ways revealing. They were missed by many it is true, but, with the greater newscasts by the B.B.C., the essential news was well presented to most of us. Intellectually we were probably not the worse, in fact, we may be better for less absorption in the daily and evening columns. But, what was missed was the something to read which has become essential in modern life. Statistics are not yet available of the effects on circulation figures from libraries but in at least one instance a considerable increase is attributed to the strike. It is probable that Everyman does not connect events and things well, and in the reading famine has not associated his need with his local library. The extent however, to which he and his wife have done so is a matter that may well be brought out in the library reports for 1955–6.

Many young people around the world embrace hip-hop music and culture. Since the genre’s conception in the 1970s, hip-hop music and lyrics have made regular references to drugs. Understanding the relevance of these documented trends is important, especially as adolescence is a period of high risk for substance misuse. The purpose of this paper is to explore how and possibly why different lyrical trends in hip-hop music have emerged, risen and fallen out of popularity by examining word usage frequency of drug terminology in hip-hop lyrics spanning several decades of this genre.

Electronic searches were completed using an open source database known as Rap Genius Rap Stats, which contains verified annotations and text. Word frequency was plotted against time using data available from 1988 to 2015. Word frequency was defined as a percentage of the number of hip-hop songs containing a specific drug-term (per year) based on the number of hip-hop songs recorded/produced (that year). Standardized “medical/pharmaceutical” terminologies and common “street” terminologies were plotted independently for time series visualization. Drug terms were represented using the highest frequency search term. Generic “street” terms with multiple meanings were excluded.

As might be predicted, the usage of “street” terms in hip-hop lyrics was more frequently observed than the usage of “medical/pharmaceutical” terms. An exception was the term “crack”, which was included in both plots as this word could be referenced as a “street” term and as a “medical/pharmaceutical” term. The authors observed larger fluctuations in “street” term usage across time relative to only slight fluctuations of “medical/pharmaceutical” term usage across time.

In this study, the authors illustrate several drug terminology trends in hip-hop lyrics. The authors discuss some of the socio-political, socio-demographic and geographical implications that may have influenced these trends, such as the rise of the “street” term molly that emerged when references to molly made by hip-hop artists became increasingly popular and a more suburban demographic transpired. This preliminary work may help to enhance two-way youth-oriented communication between health care professionals and service users, possibly improving the translation of drug-related medical messages. The preliminary work may also inform future research to consider whether such lyrical trends precede or follow changes in population substance use.