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21 – 30 of over 17000J.L. Marshall, D.E. Miiller, J. Sees, S.E. Matteson, D. Weathers and L. Lichtenberg
A combination of analytical methods was used on printed circuit board coupons to conclude the following: (1) while steam ageing deteriorates solderability of tinned coupons, it…
Abstract
A combination of analytical methods was used on printed circuit board coupons to conclude the following: (1) while steam ageing deteriorates solderability of tinned coupons, it does not increase the oxide thickness or tin‐lead ratio of the surface (top 50 Angstroms) of tinned coupons; (2) therefore, some other factor, probably oxidation of the copper or tin/copper intermetallic substrate, determines solderability of the coupons.
Elif Kutay Karacor and Gozde Parlar
The decline in neighbourhoods resulting from globalization and technology, which trigger high rise buildings, has been discussed by several disciplines. Changes in life styles…
Abstract
The decline in neighbourhoods resulting from globalization and technology, which trigger high rise buildings, has been discussed by several disciplines. Changes in life styles destroy not only traditional neighbourhoods but also open spaces. This situation leads to a decrease in both collective efficacy and neighbourhood attachment. Place attachment would play an important role in overcoming fear of crime and low security perception, which are the most substantial social problems of today's cities. Therefore, it is important that urban designers, architects and landscape architects develop design policies that contribute to place attachment. The aim of this study is to develop models that explain neighbourhood attachment by collective efficacy, open space quality and socio-demographic variables. Kuzguncuk neighbourhood was chosen as a study area because of its unique character, socio-cultural diversity and the collective power that is due to the various social groups in the neighbourhood. This study seeks to answer the following question: Do open space quality, collective efficacy and socio-demographic factors predict neighbourhood attachment? We examined whether attachment to a neighborhood is associated with collective power and perception of open space quality by inhabitants. Therefore, neighbourhood attachment and its predictors were studied in this specific neighbour-hood. Face to face interviews were conducted with 313 inhabitants using a stratified sampling method. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical linear modelling analyses were used to predict neighbourhood attachment. We found that collective efficacy, open space quality, place of birth and length of residence were predictors of neighbourhood attachment. Therefore, to prevent social problems, such as fear of crime, low security perception, loneliness and segregation, policy makers, designers, planners and social scientists should focus on neighbourhoods that have small communities. In conclusion, the quality perception of open spaces should be considered to increase neighbourhood attachment, and inhabitants should be encouraged to use public spaces in which social ties can develop.
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Chris A. Sweigart and Lauren L. Evanovich
There is a concerning disparity between students with disabilities and their peers without disabilities in their long-term, postsecondary outcomes. The former group tends to have…
Abstract
There is a concerning disparity between students with disabilities and their peers without disabilities in their long-term, postsecondary outcomes. The former group tends to have a variety of poorer outcomes in important domains of life, such as employment, postsecondary education, independent living, and community participation. Policymakers, scholars, and the general public alike have called attention to this issue, resulting in both legal mandates and research on evidence-based practices in the area of transition services. While the law requires individualized, results-oriented transition services based upon age-appropriate transition assessment and a number of evidence-based transition practices and predictors have been identified, studies of individualized education programs and practices have revealed a significant underuse of best practices in transition assessment and services. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of comprehensive transition assessment as a foundation for setting postsecondary goals and designing services that best fit individual student strengths and needs and best prepare students to be successful in their adult lives. Further, we provide an overview of current recommendations for best practices in planning, conducting, and interpreting transition assessments, and offer suggestions for areas where further research is needed.
The widespread practice whereby great emphasis is placed on theharmful effects of stress with only token acknowledgement to thebeneficial effects is questioned. While accepting…
Abstract
The widespread practice whereby great emphasis is placed on the harmful effects of stress with only token acknowledgement to the beneficial effects is questioned. While accepting that stress may result in serious problems, it argues that stress is frequently enjoyed and sought by managers. The limitations of many current definitions are discussed and an alternative proposed, the definition of which accepts that stress can result in both stimulation and/or strain. Such an understanding is demanded.
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WITH eloquence which we cannot imitate, or repeat, the national loss has been sufficiently expressed by others. It is true, Kipling and William Watson being dead, and Alfred Noyes…
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WITH eloquence which we cannot imitate, or repeat, the national loss has been sufficiently expressed by others. It is true, Kipling and William Watson being dead, and Alfred Noyes silent, the poets have not risen to the height of a great occasion, but that is by the way. Our own tribute to the late King must be based on his work for libraries, since any other tribute is general to a whole Empire. Kings can have few hours in which to read and yet some of the stories, true or apocryphal, of King George V. touch upon his reading. He showed, however, a closer interest of late years in libraries than any other of our monarchs has done, and at the opening ceremonies of the National Central Library and the Manchester Public Library he uttered words which are the best slogans that libraries have received. Even if he did not write them—a matter which we have no right to affirm or deny—his utterance of them gave them the royal superscription. We repeat them, as they cannot be too often repeated:—
Students with disabilities have many obstacles to overcome and challenges to address as they go through the educational system. Besides challenges with academics, behavior, and…
Abstract
Students with disabilities have many obstacles to overcome and challenges to address as they go through the educational system. Besides challenges with academics, behavior, and social situations, these students also need to be able to transition throughout their educational careers from different grade levels to post-school outcomes. Transition for students with disabilities should include input from classroom teachers, school psychologists and other related school personnel, families, the community, and, of course, the student. Specifically, the student should be an integral part of the transition process and planning. This chapter focuses on transition in general, discusses data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2, and sets the stage for the rest of this volume.
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An empirical study was conducted to determine the thermal fatigue behaviour of 1.27 mm pitch, J‐bend and gullwing surface mount solder joints, manufactured with four…
Abstract
An empirical study was conducted to determine the thermal fatigue behaviour of 1.27 mm pitch, J‐bend and gullwing surface mount solder joints, manufactured with four low‐temperature solders. Selected solder alloys were: 58Bi‐42Sn (wt %), 43Sn‐43Pb‐14Bi, 52ln‐48Sn and 40ln‐40Sn‐20Pb. Accelerated thermal cycling was used in conjunction with metallographic analysis and mechanical (pull) strength measurement to test their behaviour. The relative merit of each solder composition was determined by comparing it with 63Sn‐37Pb solder, subjected to identical testing conditions. The strength decreased linearly with increased number of thermal cycles for gullwing solder joints of all four solder alloys. The fatigue lifetime was relatively longer for 58Bi‐42Sn and 40ln‐40Sn‐20Pb than for other alloys, but significantly lower than that obtained with 63Sn‐37Pb solder. No discernible degradation of strength was observed with the J‐bend solder joints of any solder alloy, even after the completion of 6000 thermal cycles. Thermal fatigue resistance of the latter joints was attributed to a more favourable coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch. Solder joint cracking occurred only in gullwing components soldered with 52ln‐48Sn, 40ln‐40Sn‐20Pb and 43Sn‐43Pb‐14Bi alloys, after 1000 or 2000 thermal cycles. The crack initiated on the outside surface of the solder fillet, and appeared to propagate through both phases of the microstructure. The stress‐induced heterogeneous coarsening of the microstructure was evident only with 43Sn‐43Pb‐14Bi solder, although not as prevalent as that usually observed with eutectic Sn‐Pb solder. Fatigue cracks were absent from solder joints of 58Bi‐42Sn and 63Sn‐37Pb alloys.